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Which integrated engineering approach would most effectively reduce GHG emissions from both livestock and manure management?
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2. Developing anaerobic digestion systems for biogas recovery |
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ระบบ anaerobic digestion ทำกาารดักจับ มีเทน จากมูลสัตว์ และเปลี่ยนเป็นพลังงานทดแทน |
4.2. Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion (AD) has gained widespread attention as a sustainable approach to converting organic biowastes into bioenergy and biofertilizers, aligning with the principles of a circular bioeconomy [113]. AD addresses energy security and nutrient recycling by transforming agricultural residues into methane-rich biogas and nutrient-dense digestate. However, while AD presents significant environmental benefits, its practical implementation faces substrate variability, operational efficiency, and economic viability constraints. |
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| 2 |
What is the main ecological risk of converting land to cropland despite productivity gains?
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2. Loss of carbon sinks and soil degradation |
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from Afforestation Establishing forests on non-forested land to increase carbon sinks said that it's a loss of carbon |
Afforestation- Establishing forests on non-forested land to increase carbon sinks |
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| 3 |
Which model best represents circular economy principles in agricultural waste management?
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2. Energy–nutrient recovery loops from organic waste |
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Nutrient recovery from cattle manure [106] and algae [75] is a promising reuse pathway, especially when coupled with anaerobic digestion (AD). Neri et al. [107] showed that AD not only sanitizes waste but enhances soil mineralization. However, the scalability of such systems in smallholder contexts remains underexplored. Studies have not yet established comprehensive life cycle assessments (LCAs) comparing various pre-treatment options or determining thresholds where benefits outweigh energy inputs. |
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| 4 |
How can precision irrigation systems contribute to sustainability in waste-adapted agriculture?
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1. By reducing water waste and nutrient leaching |
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Hydroponics, characterized by soilless cultivation with water-based nutrient delivery systems, is often promoted for its potential to minimize land use and optimize resource input [197]. However, the long-term sustainability of using synthetic nutrient solutions raises concerns about nutrient leaching, disposal, and the carbon footprint of fertilizer production issues that are underrepresented in existing research. |
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| 5 |
Which national policy initiative aligns best with environmental adaptation engineering for agriculture?
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2. Promoting integrated waste-to-energy programs |
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Transformational adaptation helps sustainable agriculture practices; agricultural waste management is vital in producing various value-added products, thus making it a circular process to achieve a waste-to-energy strategy. The subsequent section describes and discusses studies related to agricultural waste as a source of value-added products.
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| 6 |
Why is ecosystem-based engineering more sustainable than conventional input-intensive farming?
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It focuses on maintaining natural cycles and reducing reliance on external inputs. |
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| 7 |
What key factor determines the efficiency of biogas systems in agricultural applications?
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1. Feedstock composition and temperature control |
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rely on the efficiency in agricultural applications |
Despite these advances, temperature-responsive SMHs face certain limitations, including the risk of hyperthermia-induced cellular apoptosis (15–25 % at >43 °C via heat shock protein disruption) and the need for precise in vivo temperature control, often requiring external devices like inductive heaters, which reduces practicality for deep-tissue applications [42]. Overall, the clinical feasibility is moderate, favoring ex vivo preconditioning; however, recent designs tuned to physiological temperatures mitigate overheating risks. |
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| 8 |
Which innovation most directly lowers the carbon footprint of agricultural production?
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1. Solar-powered waste treatment units |
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Climate change is the significant and prolonged alteration in either the average condition or the variability of the climate, which resulted from persistent human changes in the atmosphere’s composition or land use, and from internal natural processes such as continental drift and volcanic eruptions, or external forces like fluctuations in the amount of solar energy acquired by the Earth, and changes in the orbit of Earth around the sun [1]. |
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| 9 |
If a region’s livestock emissions account for 50% of its agricultural GHG output, what is the most logical first step in adaptation engineering?
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2. Implementing methane capture and composting systems |
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Future directions could improve these processes. Although anaerobic digestion is well known for converting organic waste into biogas, more investigation is required to maximize process efficiency. This entails improving the digestion of various agricultural wastes (such as crop residues and animal manure), investigating ways to reduce process inhibitors, and boosting stability under various feedstock circumstances to optimize biogas yield [101]. The amount of biogas that can be “extracted” from these substrates could also be increased if the applied technology is further developed. However, many obstacles should be solved, such as identifying the most effective bacterial consortium and locating raw materials close to the “home”, i.e. the farm or agricultural unit. For instance, pre-treatment can optimize the process, since it shortens the residence time in the anaerobic digesters and boosts biomethane output [295]. Since this pre-treatment is frequently restricted to the laboratory scale, it should also be developed for pilot-scale systems. Whether the system is chemical, thermal, ultrasonic, or biological, it should also be optimized to either improve the rate of hydrolysis or decrease the amount of energy required by inhibiting substances [300]. |
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Why is the integration of multiple stimuli (thermal, pH, magnetic) a key innovation in SMHs?
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1. It enhances the precision and versatility of shape recovery |
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| 11 |
What structural feature most influences the recovery capability of SMHs?
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1. Polymer network crosslinking density |
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| 12 |
In designing an implantable scaffold, which SMH property is most critical for minimally invasive surgery?
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1. Shape recovery at body temperature |
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How can nanocomposite modification enhance SMH performance?
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1. By improving mechanical strength and bioactivity |
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| 14 |
Which combination of challenges currently limits SMH commercialization?
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1. Scalability, cost, and reproducibility |
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Why is developing biodegradable SMHs vital for sustainable healthcare?
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1. It ensures safe material breakdown and reduces post-treatment waste |
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Which innovation demonstrates the convergence of SMHs with smart device technology?
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1. 4D-printed adaptive scaffolds responsive to stimuli |
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| 17 |
Based on the schematic illustrating the transition between Shape I and Shape II in SMHs, which material design strategy would most effectively improve controlled shape recovery for biomedical applications?
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2. Enhancing dynamic crosslinks responsive to multiple external stimuli such as temperature and enzymes |
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| 18 |
How can adjusting hydrogel porosity affect tissue regeneration outcomes?
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1. It enhances nutrient transport and cell proliferation |
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However, improper degradation profiles, such as rapid hydrolysis from PCL-based components, may produce acidic byproducts, causing local pH drops and inflammation. Conversely, slow-degrading SMHs risk fibrotic encapsulation, impaired nutrient diffusion, and hindered cell migration |
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| 19 |
Which research focus would most advance the next generation of SMHs?
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1. Multifunctional and self-healing hydrogels with dynamic feedback control |
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| 20 |
Based on the diagram illustrating the steps of anaerobic digestion of agricultural waste, which operational adjustment would most effectively optimize biogas (CH₄ and CO₂) yield while maintaining system stability?
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2. Maintaining balanced pH ranges for sequential microbial activities across stages |
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