| 1 |
What is hybrid micellar liquid chromatography primarily used for in the study?
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To detect commonly used pesticides in vegetables. |
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The study used HMLC to analyze vegetable samples for pesticide residues, enabling identification of commonly applied pesticides in agricultural products. |
HMLC is a chromatographic technique combining micellar mobile phases and UV/visible detection, suitable for separating and detecting pesticides in complex matrices, reducing organic solvent use. |
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| 2 |
Which pesticide was found most commonly in the vegetable samples?
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Imidacloprid |
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Imidacloprid was detected most frequently in the vegetable samples analyzed, reflecting its widespread use in crop protection. |
Analytical surveys of agricultural produce often report neonicotinoid insecticides like Imidacloprid as prevalent due to their effectiveness and regulatory allowance. |
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| 3 |
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12% |
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Based on the study’s dataset, 12% of the analyzed vegetables contained measurable levels of Imidacloprid. |
Frequency analysis of residue levels provides an estimate of pesticide exposure in food, important for safety assessment and regulation. |
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| 4 |
Which of the following is NOT a reason for the use of hybrid micellar liquid chromatography (HMLC)?
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It requires extensive solvent use. |
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HMLC is considered a green analytical method because it minimizes the use of toxic organic solvents. Using large amounts of solvent contradicts this principle. |
Green chemistry in analytical methods promotes minimal solvent consumption and low environmental impact, which is why HMLC is preferred over traditional liquid chromatography. |
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| 5 |
What was the primary methodological change in the HMLC technique used in the study?
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Use of a micellar mobile phase with reduced solvent usage. |
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The study employed micellar mobile phases to lower toxic solvent usage while maintaining analytical performance. |
Micellar phases enhance solubility of hydrophobic compounds and allow rapid separation with less organic solvent, aligning with sustainable analytical chemistry principles. |
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| 6 |
According to the study, why might vegetable growers prefer other pesticides over Imidacloprid (ICP)?
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ICP has a higher environmental impact. |
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Although effective, ICP can persist in soil and water, causing environmental concerns that may lead growers to select alternatives. |
Ecotoxicology studies demonstrate that neonicotinoids like ICP can affect non-target organisms, influencing pesticide selection. |
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| 7 |
What is the major benefit of using ICP as a pesticide, according to the study?
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It is less toxic compared to many others. |
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ICP is less harmful to humans and non-target organisms compared with older pesticides, which supports its continued use despite environmental concerns. |
Toxicological evaluations categorize pesticides based on human and ecological safety; ICP has moderate toxicity relative to organophosphates or pyrethroids. |
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| 8 |
What aspect of the pesticide detection method was focused on during the method validation phase?
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Ensuring it can detect extremely low pesticide levels. |
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Accurate detection at trace levels is crucial for consumer safety and regulatory compliance. |
Validation of analytical methods includes sensitivity (limit of detection) to ensure reliable identification of residues below permissible limits. |
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| 9 |
Considering the environmental impacts discussed, why is the HMLC method considered 'green'?
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It involves less waste and uses low-toxicity solvents. |
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HMLC reduces environmental impact by minimizing hazardous solvent use and waste generation. |
Green analytical chemistry promotes methods that are safer for the environment and operators, aligning with sustainable laboratory practices. |
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| 10 |
What is the importance of the photodiode array detector in the HMLC technique used in the study?
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It detects the presence of pesticides across a spectrum of wavelengths. |
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The detector allows simultaneous measurement of multiple wavelengths, improving identification and quantification of various pesticides. |
Photodiode array detection provides spectral information for each eluted compound, enhancing selectivity and sensitivity in chromatographic analysis. |
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| 11 |
What is hyperthermia commonly used to treat?
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Cancer |
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The therapy raises tissue temperature to damage or kill cancer cells while sparing normal cells. |
Hyperthermia is an established oncological adjunct therapy; heating tumor tissue increases susceptibility to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. |
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| 12 |
Which method is used to apply heat directly to a tumor in local hyperthermia?
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Infrared radiation |
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Infrared allows targeted heating of tumors without affecting surrounding tissue extensively. |
Local hyperthermia techniques rely on electromagnetic energy (e.g. : infrared or microwaves) to deliver controlled heat to specific body regions. |
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| 13 |
What is the primary benefit of using hyperthermia in cancer treatment?
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It kills cancer cells with minimal damage to normal cells. |
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Hyperthermia selectively affects malignant cells, which are more sensitive to elevated temperatures. |
Cancer cells have altered heat shock protein expression and vascularization, making them more vulnerable to thermal stress compared with healthy cells. |
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| 14 |
Hyperthermia is often used in combination with which of the following treatments?
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Radiotherapy and chemotherapy |
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Heat sensitizes cancer cells, enhancing the efficacy of these treatments. |
Clinical studies show synergistic effects of hyperthermia with standard cancer therapies, improving tumor control. |
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| 15 |
What is the main challenge of using hyperthermia in cancer treatment?
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Reaching and maintaining the required temperature in the target area. |
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Precise temperature control is critical to maximize tumor damage while minimizing injury to normal tissues. |
Thermal conductivity and blood perfusion in tissues cause variability in heat distribution, requiring careful monitoring and control systems. |
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| 16 |
Which type of hyperthermia involves heating a larger region or the whole body?
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Whole-body hyperthermia |
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This method elevates the temperature of the entire body to treat systemic cancer or metastatic disease. |
Whole-body hyperthermia uses external heating devices and circulatory control to achieve uniform temperature elevation. |
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| 17 |
What type of hyperthermia uses applicators inserted into or near a body cavity to deliver heat?
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Endocavitary hyperthermia |
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Applicators deliver heat close to internal tumor sites for effective local treatment. |
Interstitial or endocavitary heating allows precise energy delivery in tumors not reachable by external methods. |
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| 18 |
What is a significant potential side effect of whole-body hyperthermia?
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Systemic stress affecting major organs |
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Raising body temperature can stress cardiovascular, renal, and other organ systems. |
Physiological studies of hyperthermia show systemic effects including tachycardia, hypotension, and metabolic stress. |
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| 19 |
Considering the physics of heat transfer, why is controlling hyperthermia challenging during treatment?
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Human tissue has varying thermal conductivities which affect heat distribution. |
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Different tissue types conduct heat differently, complicating uniform tumor heating. |
Thermal properties of fat, muscle, and tumors influence temperature gradients, requiring advanced control systems. |
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| 20 |
Why is hyperthermia considered a beneficial adjunct to radiotherapy and chemotherapy?
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It makes cancer cells more susceptible to other treatments. |
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Heating alters cell repair mechanisms and blood flow, improving uptake and effectiveness of other therapies. |
Biological rationale: hyperthermia enhances radiosensitivity and chemosensitivity through increased DNA damage and reduced repair in tumor cells. |
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