| 1 |
What is the primary function of AI in the medical imaging industry?
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To improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes |
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AI in medical imaging (X-ray, MRI, CT) analyzes images rapidly and accurately, reducing human error and supporting physicians’ decisions. |
Human-AI Collaboration Theory: AI serves as an assistant, enhancing human performance. |
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| 2 |
Which of the following is a key benefit of AI in radiology noted in the article?
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Acts as a second medical opinion |
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Radiologists often use AI recommendations to confirm their own diagnoses, especially in complex or unclear cases. |
Trust Theory in Human-AI Interaction: Trust influences the acceptance of AI outputs. |
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| 3 |
What does AI literacy refer to according to the article?
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Understanding and knowledge of AI technology |
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AI literacy is the user’s comprehension of what AI is, how it works, and its limitations. |
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM): Knowledge of technology impacts perceived usefulness and acceptance. |
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| 4 |
Which factor is NOT listed as influencing the acceptability of AI among healthcare professionals?
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The color of the AI machines |
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Acceptability factors include trust, system understanding, AI literacy, workflow integration, and ethicality. |
User Acceptance Models (TAM, UTAUT): Focus on perceived usefulness, ease of use, and social influence rather than aesthetics |
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| 5 |
What role does social influence play in AI acceptability in healthcare according to the article?
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Affects healthcare professionals’ decisions to use AI |
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Opinions of colleagues, supervisors, and institutions influence whether healthcare professionals adopt AI. |
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB): Social norms strongly impact individual behavioral decisions. |
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| 6 |
What is a perceived threat regarding AI usage in healthcare settings?
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Concerns about replacing healthcare professionals |
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Healthcare professionals may fear that AI could replace their roles or reduce professional significance. |
Identity Threat Theory: Threats to professional identity trigger resistance to technology adoption. |
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| 7 |
According to the article, what is essential for increasing AI acceptability among medical professionals?
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Designing human-centred AI systems |
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Human-centred AI considers user needs, workflow integration, safety, ethics, and AI literacy. |
TAM: Ease of use and perceived usefulness increase acceptance. |
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| 8 |
What does the 'system usage' category of AI acceptability factors include according to the article?
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Factors like value proposition and integration with workflows |
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Includes perceived usefulness (value proposition), ease of use, burden, and workflow integration. |
TAM / UTAUT: Performance expectancy and effort expectancy determine technology use |
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| 9 |
How does ethicality impact AI acceptability among healthcare professionals?
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Affects views on AI based on compatibility with professional values |
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AI must align with professional ethics (privacy, safety, accountability). |
Ethical AI / Responsible AI: Emphasizes integrity, accountability, transparency. |
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| 10 |
What methodological approach did the article emphasize for future AI acceptability studies?
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Considering user experience and system integration deeply |
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Studies should go beyond algorithm accuracy, incorporating workflow, literacy, human-centred design, institutional context, and ethics. |
Human-Centred Design (HCD): Focuses on user experience and usability. |
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| 11 |
What is the primary objective of using human embryonic stem cells in treating Parkinson’s disease?
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To replace lost dopamine neurons. |
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hESC-derived dopaminergic neurons are transplanted to restore dopamine signaling lost in Parkinson’s disease. |
Cell Replacement Therapy: Stem cells replace damaged neurons. |
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| 12 |
Which animal was used to test the STEM-PD product for safety and efficacy?
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Rats |
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Preclinical studies were conducted in rats for toxicity, tumorigenicity, biodistribution, and efficacy. |
Preclinical Animal Models: Rodents are standard for safety and efficacy before human trials |
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| 13 |
What was the duration of the preclinical safety study in rats mentioned in the article?
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12 months |
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The study lasted 39 weeks (~9 months) to evaluate long-term toxicity and tumor formation. |
Toxicology Testing Principles: Long-term studies are required to detect delayed adverse effects. |
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| 14 |
What is the name of the clinical trial phase mentioned for STEM-PD?
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Phase I/IIa |
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First-in-human trial combining Phase I (safety) and Phase IIa (preliminary efficacy). |
Clinical Trial Phases: Phase I tests safety; Phase IIa tests efficacy in a small group. |
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| 15 |
How is the STEM-PD product manufactured?
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Under GMP-compliant conditions |
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STEM-PD is produced following Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) to ensure quality, reproducibility, and safety for clinical use. |
Principle: Compliance with regulatory standards is mandatory for translational stem cell therapies. |
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| 16 |
According to the article, what confirmed the safety of the STEM-PD product in rats?
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There were no adverse effects or tumor formation. |
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Safety studies evaluated tumorigenicity, immune response, and biodistribution. |
Preclinical Toxicology Principles: Safety assessment requires monitoring adverse effects and abnormal cell proliferation. |
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| 17 |
What key finding was noted in the efficacy study of STEM-PD in rats?
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Transplanted cells reversed motor deficits in rats. |
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Dopamine neuron loss in Parkinson’s models causes motor deficits. |
Cell Replacement Therapy: Functional recovery demonstrates successful integration of stem cell-derived neurons. |
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| 18 |
What specific markers were used to assess the purity of the STEM-PD batch?
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LMX1A and EN1 |
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LMX1A and EN1 are transcription factors that mark midbrain dopaminergic progenitors. |
Developmental Biology Principles: Specific transcription factors indicate lineage specification. |
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| 19 |
What role do growth factors like FGF8b and SHH play in the manufacturing process of STEM-PD?
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They are used in cell patterning for specific neural fates. |
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FGF8b and SHH guide stem cells toward midbrain dopaminergic neurons by mimicking developmental signals. |
Stem Cell Differentiation Principles: Morphogens and growth factors create positional cues for neural patterning. |
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| 20 |
What was a key outcome measured in the preclinical trials for efficacy in rats?
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Recovery of motor function |
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Parkinson’s disease models are characterized by motor deficits. |
Behavioral Neuroscience: Motor function tests (rotarod, stepping test, amphetamine-induced rotation) quantify efficacy. |
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