| 1 |
What is the primary function of AI in the medical imaging industry?
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To improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes |
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The use of AI in medical imaging is to primarily deliver an accurate analysis, fix imaging artefacts and ultimately give a more precise diagnosis from the images. |
"By leveraging machine learning algorithms, AI systems can analyze medical images with speed and precision, aiding in the identification of early-stage diseases that may be difficult to detect through traditional methods."
Pinto-Coelho L. How Artificial Intelligence Is Shaping Medical Imaging Technology: A Survey of Innovations and Applications. Bioengineering (Basel). 2023 Dec 18;10(12):1435. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering10121435. PMID: 38136026; PMCID: PMC10740686. |
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| 2 |
Which of the following is a key benefit of AI in radiology noted in the article?
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Acts as a second medical opinion |
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As stated in research, AI is not only capable of enhancing and getting rid of artefacts on imaging but of also analyzing and detecting features that normal radiologists would not notice, making it a viable second opinion. |
"AI algorithm detected additional ICHs, missed 12.4 % and overcalled 1.9 % of ICHs; better detection rate than radiology reports"
Pinto-Coelho L. How Artificial Intelligence Is Shaping Medical Imaging Technology: A Survey of Innovations and Applications. Bioengineering (Basel). 2023 Dec 18;10(12):1435. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering10121435. PMID: 38136026; PMCID: PMC10740686. |
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| 3 |
What does AI literacy refer to according to the article?
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Understanding and knowledge of AI technology |
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AI literacy is commonly defined as the understanding and knowledge in using or perceiving the usage of artificial intelligence. |
"AI Literacy - The level of understanding and knowledge which healthcare professionals have concerning AI in general as reflected by their education, training, and experience with it"
David Hua, Neysa Petrina, Noel Young, Jin-Gun Cho, Simon K. Poon, Understanding the factors influencing acceptability of AI in medical imaging domains among healthcare professionals: A scoping review, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Volume 147, 2024, 102698, ISSN 0933-3657, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102698. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0933365723002129) |
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| 4 |
Which factor is NOT listed as influencing the acceptability of AI among healthcare professionals?
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The color of the AI machines |
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The color of the AI machines is a trivial matter and does not concern professionals' acceptance of AI in healthcare. Furthermore, it is stated nowhere in the study. |
David Hua, Neysa Petrina, Noel Young, Jin-Gun Cho, Simon K. Poon, Understanding the factors influencing acceptability of AI in medical imaging domains among healthcare professionals: A scoping review, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Volume 147, 2024, 102698, ISSN 0933-3657, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102698. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0933365723002129) |
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| 5 |
What role does social influence play in AI acceptability in healthcare according to the article?
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Affects healthcare professionals’ decisions to use AI |
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Social influence, particularly the perception of AI in various factors by healthcare professionals plays a large role in professionals' decision to either use to not use AI in their practice. |
David Hua, Neysa Petrina, Noel Young, Jin-Gun Cho, Simon K. Poon, Understanding the factors influencing acceptability of AI in medical imaging domains among healthcare professionals: A scoping review, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Volume 147, 2024, 102698, ISSN 0933-3657, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102698. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0933365723002129) |
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| 6 |
What is a perceived threat regarding AI usage in healthcare settings?
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Concerns about replacing healthcare professionals |
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There is a fear that AI will replace healthcare professionals as in many aspects it has proven to be of higher quality and use than experienced healthcare professionals and thus this threatens to compromise/undermine the perceived quality of healthcare professionals and force them to be replaced by AI. |
"...AI promises to be a valuable tool in addressing the systemic issues of increasing diagnostic imaging workloads and human error which threaten to compromise the quality of care provided by healthcare professionals in medical imaging contexts."
David Hua, Neysa Petrina, Noel Young, Jin-Gun Cho, Simon K. Poon, Understanding the factors influencing acceptability of AI in medical imaging domains among healthcare professionals: A scoping review, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Volume 147, 2024, 102698, ISSN 0933-3657, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102698. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0933365723002129) |
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| 7 |
According to the article, what is essential for increasing AI acceptability among medical professionals?
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Designing human-centred AI systems |
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It is noted that there is a demand for AI that is fundamentally human-centered in order to win the acceptance of medical professionals in regards to using AI in healthcare settings. |
"Increasing AI acceptability among medical professionals will critically require designing human-centred AI systems which go beyond high algorithmic performance..."
David Hua, Neysa Petrina, Noel Young, Jin-Gun Cho, Simon K. Poon, Understanding the factors influencing acceptability of AI in medical imaging domains among healthcare professionals: A scoping review, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Volume 147, 2024, 102698, ISSN 0933-3657, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102698. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0933365723002129) |
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| 8 |
What does the 'system usage' category of AI acceptability factors include according to the article?
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Factors like value proposition and integration with workflows |
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As defined in the article, system usage particularly encompasses value proposition and workflow integration. |
"System usage - Factor: Value proposition - The extent to which healthcare professionals view the use of AI as providing meaningful value to their work (e.g. improving task productivity and/or diagnostic accuracy, Workflow integration - The extent to which healthcare professionals perceive the integration of AI as preserving and being compatible with their existing workflow practices)"
David Hua, Neysa Petrina, Noel Young, Jin-Gun Cho, Simon K. Poon, Understanding the factors influencing acceptability of AI in medical imaging domains among healthcare professionals: A scoping review, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Volume 147, 2024, 102698, ISSN 0933-3657, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102698. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0933365723002129) |
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| 9 |
How does ethicality impact AI acceptability among healthcare professionals?
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Affects views on AI based on compatibility with professional values |
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Ethicality impacts AI acceptability in professionals in the sense that they need to make sure that AI is able to integrate into the medical profession's values and ethical code in order for it to truly be used. |
"Ethicality - The extent to which healthcare professionals perceive AI as fitting with their value system (e.g. whether patient data used for AI is safely managed to protect their privacy) and that of the medical profession"
David Hua, Neysa Petrina, Noel Young, Jin-Gun Cho, Simon K. Poon, Understanding the factors influencing acceptability of AI in medical imaging domains among healthcare professionals: A scoping review, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Volume 147, 2024, 102698, ISSN 0933-3657, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102698. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0933365723002129) |
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| 10 |
What methodological approach did the article emphasize for future AI acceptability studies?
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Considering user experience and system integration deeply |
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It is emphasized by the authors in the article that user integration and system integration must be examined deeply and meaningfully for a better understanding of this topic. |
"...the user experience and how AI integrates into the medical workflow can only be examined meaningfully if a tangible AI system is involved"
David Hua, Neysa Petrina, Noel Young, Jin-Gun Cho, Simon K. Poon, Understanding the factors influencing acceptability of AI in medical imaging domains among healthcare professionals: A scoping review, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Volume 147, 2024, 102698, ISSN 0933-3657, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102698. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0933365723002129) |
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| 11 |
What is the primary objective of using human embryonic stem cells in treating Parkinson’s disease?
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To replace lost dopamine neurons. |
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The research hopes to use stem cells as replacement dopaminergic neurons by transplantation. |
"Cell replacement therapies for Parkinson’s disease (PD) based on transplantation of pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons are now entering clinical trials."
Kirkeby A, Nelander J, Hoban DB, Rogelius N, Bjartmarz H; Novo Nordisk Cell Therapy R&D; Storm P, Fiorenzano A, Adler AF, Vale S, Mudannayake J, Zhang Y, Cardoso T, Mattsson B, Landau AM, Glud AN, Sørensen JC, Lillethorup TP, Lowdell M, Carvalho C, Bain O, van Vliet T, Lindvall O, Björklund A, Harry B, Cutting E, Widner H, Paul G, Barker RA, Parmar M. Preclinical quality, safety, and efficacy of a human embryonic stem cell-derived product for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, STEM-PD. Cell Stem Cell. 2023 Oct 5;30(10):1299-1314.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.08.014. PMID: 37802036. |
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| 12 |
Which animal was used to test the STEM-PD product for safety and efficacy?
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Rats |
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It is stated in the research that rats were used for the testing of product safety and efficacy. |
"Efficacy of STEM-PD batch #3 was tested in a long-term in vivo study in nude rats."
Kirkeby A, Nelander J, Hoban DB, Rogelius N, Bjartmarz H; Novo Nordisk Cell Therapy R&D; Storm P, Fiorenzano A, Adler AF, Vale S, Mudannayake J, Zhang Y, Cardoso T, Mattsson B, Landau AM, Glud AN, Sørensen JC, Lillethorup TP, Lowdell M, Carvalho C, Bain O, van Vliet T, Lindvall O, Björklund A, Harry B, Cutting E, Widner H, Paul G, Barker RA, Parmar M. Preclinical quality, safety, and efficacy of a human embryonic stem cell-derived product for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, STEM-PD. Cell Stem Cell. 2023 Oct 5;30(10):1299-1314.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.08.014. PMID: 37802036. |
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| 13 |
What was the duration of the preclinical safety study in rats mentioned in the article?
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12 months |
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The preclinical stage of the study lasted 12 months. |
Kirkeby A, Nelander J, Hoban DB, Rogelius N, Bjartmarz H; Novo Nordisk Cell Therapy R&D; Storm P, Fiorenzano A, Adler AF, Vale S, Mudannayake J, Zhang Y, Cardoso T, Mattsson B, Landau AM, Glud AN, Sørensen JC, Lillethorup TP, Lowdell M, Carvalho C, Bain O, van Vliet T, Lindvall O, Björklund A, Harry B, Cutting E, Widner H, Paul G, Barker RA, Parmar M. Preclinical quality, safety, and efficacy of a human embryonic stem cell-derived product for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, STEM-PD. Cell Stem Cell. 2023 Oct 5;30(10):1299-1314.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.08.014. PMID: 37802036. |
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| 14 |
What is the name of the clinical trial phase mentioned for STEM-PD?
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Phase I/IIa |
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As stated verbatim: "...data supporting the first-in-human STEM-PD phase I/IIa clinical trial along with the trial design." |
"...data supporting the first-in-human STEM-PD phase I/IIa clinical trial along with the trial design."
Kirkeby A, Nelander J, Hoban DB, Rogelius N, Bjartmarz H; Novo Nordisk Cell Therapy R&D; Storm P, Fiorenzano A, Adler AF, Vale S, Mudannayake J, Zhang Y, Cardoso T, Mattsson B, Landau AM, Glud AN, Sørensen JC, Lillethorup TP, Lowdell M, Carvalho C, Bain O, van Vliet T, Lindvall O, Björklund A, Harry B, Cutting E, Widner H, Paul G, Barker RA, Parmar M. Preclinical quality, safety, and efficacy of a human embryonic stem cell-derived product for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, STEM-PD. Cell Stem Cell. 2023 Oct 5;30(10):1299-1314.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.08.014. PMID: 37802036. |
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| 15 |
How is the STEM-PD product manufactured?
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Under GMP-compliant conditions |
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The STEM-PD products were stated as being produced under GMP conditions, as is ethical. |
"The STEM-PD product was manufactured under GMP..."
Kirkeby A, Nelander J, Hoban DB, Rogelius N, Bjartmarz H; Novo Nordisk Cell Therapy R&D; Storm P, Fiorenzano A, Adler AF, Vale S, Mudannayake J, Zhang Y, Cardoso T, Mattsson B, Landau AM, Glud AN, Sørensen JC, Lillethorup TP, Lowdell M, Carvalho C, Bain O, van Vliet T, Lindvall O, Björklund A, Harry B, Cutting E, Widner H, Paul G, Barker RA, Parmar M. Preclinical quality, safety, and efficacy of a human embryonic stem cell-derived product for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, STEM-PD. Cell Stem Cell. 2023 Oct 5;30(10):1299-1314.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.08.014. PMID: 37802036. |
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| 16 |
According to the article, what confirmed the safety of the STEM-PD product in rats?
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There were no adverse effects or tumor formation. |
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The test in rats showed a long period where no adverse effects was observed which confirmed the safety of the product.
As stated verbatim: "STEM-PD shows no adverse effects or tumor formation in rats up to 9 months" |
"STEM-PD shows no adverse effects or tumor formation in rats up to 9 months"
Kirkeby A, Nelander J, Hoban DB, Rogelius N, Bjartmarz H; Novo Nordisk Cell Therapy R&D; Storm P, Fiorenzano A, Adler AF, Vale S, Mudannayake J, Zhang Y, Cardoso T, Mattsson B, Landau AM, Glud AN, Sørensen JC, Lillethorup TP, Lowdell M, Carvalho C, Bain O, van Vliet T, Lindvall O, Björklund A, Harry B, Cutting E, Widner H, Paul G, Barker RA, Parmar M. Preclinical quality, safety, and efficacy of a human embryonic stem cell-derived product for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, STEM-PD. Cell Stem Cell. 2023 Oct 5;30(10):1299-1314.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.08.014. PMID: 37802036. |
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| 17 |
What key finding was noted in the efficacy study of STEM-PD in rats?
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Transplanted cells reversed motor deficits in rats. |
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It is found that the STEM-PD products reversed motor deficiencies in rats by correcting brain regions.
As stated verbatim: "STEM-PD grafts innervate correct brain regions and reverse motor deficits in rat PD model." |
"STEM-PD grafts innervate correct brain regions and reverse motor deficits in rat PD model."
Kirkeby A, Nelander J, Hoban DB, Rogelius N, Bjartmarz H; Novo Nordisk Cell Therapy R&D; Storm P, Fiorenzano A, Adler AF, Vale S, Mudannayake J, Zhang Y, Cardoso T, Mattsson B, Landau AM, Glud AN, Sørensen JC, Lillethorup TP, Lowdell M, Carvalho C, Bain O, van Vliet T, Lindvall O, Björklund A, Harry B, Cutting E, Widner H, Paul G, Barker RA, Parmar M. Preclinical quality, safety, and efficacy of a human embryonic stem cell-derived product for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, STEM-PD. Cell Stem Cell. 2023 Oct 5;30(10):1299-1314.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.08.014. PMID: 37802036. |
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| 18 |
What specific markers were used to assess the purity of the STEM-PD batch?
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FOXA2 and OTX2 |
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FOXA2 and OTX2 markers were used to test the purity of each batch as stated in the results of study.
Verbatim quote: "Correct differentiation toward VM progenitor fate was assessed by flow cytometry for the purity of FOXA2 and OTX2 double-positive cells." |
"Correct differentiation toward VM progenitor fate was assessed by flow cytometry for the purity of FOXA2 and OTX2 double-positive cells"
"Batch #3 showed a purity of 98.7% FOXA2+/OTX2+ cells,"
Kirkeby A, Nelander J, Hoban DB, Rogelius N, Bjartmarz H; Novo Nordisk Cell Therapy R&D; Storm P, Fiorenzano A, Adler AF, Vale S, Mudannayake J, Zhang Y, Cardoso T, Mattsson B, Landau AM, Glud AN, Sørensen JC, Lillethorup TP, Lowdell M, Carvalho C, Bain O, van Vliet T, Lindvall O, Björklund A, Harry B, Cutting E, Widner H, Paul G, Barker RA, Parmar M. Preclinical quality, safety, and efficacy of a human embryonic stem cell-derived product for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, STEM-PD. Cell Stem Cell. 2023 Oct 5;30(10):1299-1314.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.08.014. PMID: 37802036. |
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| 19 |
What role do growth factors like FGF8b and SHH play in the manufacturing process of STEM-PD?
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They are used in cell patterning for specific neural fates. |
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Fibroblast Growth Factor 8b and Sonic Hedgehog are used to patten the cell for specific neural fates and functions as they differentiate. |
"sonic hedgehog (SHH) for ventralization to obtain VM progenitor cells (Figure 1B; STAR Methods).27 At day 9, fibroblast growth factor 8b (FGF8b) expressed at the midbrain-hindbrain boundary was added to fine-tune patterning toward a caudal VM fate."
Kirkeby A, Nelander J, Hoban DB, Rogelius N, Bjartmarz H; Novo Nordisk Cell Therapy R&D; Storm P, Fiorenzano A, Adler AF, Vale S, Mudannayake J, Zhang Y, Cardoso T, Mattsson B, Landau AM, Glud AN, Sørensen JC, Lillethorup TP, Lowdell M, Carvalho C, Bain O, van Vliet T, Lindvall O, Björklund A, Harry B, Cutting E, Widner H, Paul G, Barker RA, Parmar M. Preclinical quality, safety, and efficacy of a human embryonic stem cell-derived product for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, STEM-PD. Cell Stem Cell. 2023 Oct 5;30(10):1299-1314.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.08.014. PMID: 37802036. |
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| 20 |
What was a key outcome measured in the preclinical trials for efficacy in rats?
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Recovery of motor function |
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They key outcome of the preclinical trials for safety and efficacy saw the recovery of motor function and correction of brain regions in the rat, potentially opening the door for STEM-PD product stem cells to treat Parkinson's in humans. "A first-in-human ATMP trial with 8 patients is approved and initiated in Sweden" |
"STEM-PD grafts innervate correct brain regions and reverse motor deficits in rat PD model"
"A first-in-human ATMP trial with 8 patients is approved and initiated in Sweden"
Kirkeby A, Nelander J, Hoban DB, Rogelius N, Bjartmarz H; Novo Nordisk Cell Therapy R&D; Storm P, Fiorenzano A, Adler AF, Vale S, Mudannayake J, Zhang Y, Cardoso T, Mattsson B, Landau AM, Glud AN, Sørensen JC, Lillethorup TP, Lowdell M, Carvalho C, Bain O, van Vliet T, Lindvall O, Björklund A, Harry B, Cutting E, Widner H, Paul G, Barker RA, Parmar M. Preclinical quality, safety, and efficacy of a human embryonic stem cell-derived product for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, STEM-PD. Cell Stem Cell. 2023 Oct 5;30(10):1299-1314.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.08.014. PMID: 37802036. |
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