| 1 |
What is hybrid micellar liquid chromatography primarily used for in the study?
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To detect commonly used pesticides in vegetables. |
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The study used hybrid micellar liquid chromatography to identify and measure pesticide residues in green leafy vegetables collected from local markets in India. This helps assess food safety and health risks. |
The study “Detection of most commonly used pesticides in green leafy vegetables from Sagar, India using direct injection hybrid micellar liquid chromatography” |
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| 2 |
Which pesticide was found most commonly in the vegetable samples?
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Chlorpyrifos |
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According to the study, Chlorpyrifos was the most frequently detected pesticide residue in green leafy vegetables collected from markets. Its widespread use in farming makes it a common contaminant in food products. |
The study “Detection of most commonly used pesticides in green leafy vegetables from Sagar, India using direct injection hybrid micellar liquid chromatography” |
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| 3 |
What percentage of the vegetable samples tested were found to contain no detectable pesticides?
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16% |
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The study reported that 16% of the green leafy vegetable samples had no detectable pesticide residues. This means most of the samples were contaminated, showing a need for stricter monitoring. |
The study “Detection of most commonly used pesticides in green leafy vegetables from Sagar, India using direct injection hybrid micellar liquid chromatography” |
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| 4 |
Which of the following is NOT a reason for the use of hybrid micellar liquid chromatography (HMLC)?
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It requires extensive solvent use. |
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HMLC is considered part of green analytical chemistry because it reduces or eliminates the use of toxic organic solvents. The method is efficient, fast, and eco-friendly, which is why it’s used for detecting pesticides. So the statement that it “requires extensive solvent use” is not true. |
The study “Detection of most commonly used pesticides in green leafy vegetables from Sagar, India using direct injection hybrid micellar liquid chromatography” |
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| 5 |
What was the primary methodological change in the HMLC technique used in the study?
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Use of a micellar mobile phase with reduced solvent usage. |
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The key methodological change in this study was the use of a micellar mobile phase, which allowed for less use of toxic organic solvents. This makes the method safer for the environment and aligns with green analytical practices, without compromising on detection efficiency. |
The study “Detection of most commonly used pesticides in green leafy vegetables from Sagar, India using direct injection hybrid micellar liquid chromatography” |
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| 6 |
According to the study, why might vegetable growers prefer other pesticides over Imidacloprid (ICP)?
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ICP has a higher environmental impact. |
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The study suggests that although Imidacloprid (ICP) is effective, its high environmental toxicity — especially to beneficial insects and aquatic life — may discourage farmers from using it. Other pesticides with lower environmental impact are often preferred, especially when awareness of ecological consequences is rising. |
The study “Detection of most commonly used pesticides in green leafy vegetables from Sagar, India using direct injection hybrid micellar liquid chromatography” |
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| 7 |
What is the major benefit of using ICP as a pesticide, according to the study?
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It is less toxic compared to many others. |
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The study notes that Imidacloprid (ICP) is widely used because it is relatively less toxic than some traditional pesticides like organophosphates. This makes it more acceptable from a health and safety perspective, especially for use on edible crops like leafy vegetables. |
The study “Detection of most commonly used pesticides in green leafy vegetables from Sagar, India using direct injection hybrid micellar liquid chromatography” |
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| 8 |
What aspect of the pesticide detection method was focused on during the method validation phase?
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Ensuring it can detect extremely low pesticide levels. |
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The study emphasized method validation to confirm that hybrid micellar liquid chromatography could detect even trace amounts of pesticide residues in vegetables. This is crucial for food safety and ensuring the method meets regulatory standards. |
The study “Detection of most commonly used pesticides in green leafy vegetables from Sagar, India using direct injection hybrid micellar liquid chromatography” |
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| 9 |
Considering the environmental impacts discussed, why is the HMLC method considered 'green'?
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It involves less waste and uses low-toxicity solvents. |
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The Hybrid Micellar Liquid Chromatography (HMLC) method is considered green because it uses micellar solutions that reduce the need for toxic organic solvents and produce less chemical waste, which aligns with the principles of environmental safety. |
The study “Detection of most commonly used pesticides in green leafy vegetables from Sagar, India using direct injection hybrid micellar liquid chromatography” |
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| 10 |
What is the importance of the photodiode array detector in the HMLC technique used in the study?
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It detects the presence of pesticides across a spectrum of wavelengths. |
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The photodiode array detector (PDA) plays a key role in the HMLC method because it allows for simultaneous detection of multiple pesticides by scanning different wavelengths. This enhances accuracy and specificity in identifying various compounds present in the vegetable samples. |
The study “Detection of most commonly used pesticides in green leafy vegetables from Sagar, India using direct injection hybrid micellar liquid chromatography” |
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| 11 |
What is hyperthermia commonly used to treat?
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Cancer |
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According to the study, hyperthermia involves raising the temperature of body tissues to damage and kill cancer cells or make them more sensitive to treatments like radiation or chemotherapy. It’s an adjunct therapy often used in cancer care. |
The study “Hyperthermia: Role and Risk Factor for Cancer Treatment” |
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| 12 |
Which method is used to apply heat directly to a tumor in local hyperthermia?
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Microwaves |
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In local hyperthermia, microwave energy is commonly used to deliver heat directly to the tumor site, raising its temperature to damage cancer cells or make them more responsive to other treatments like radiation. |
The study “Hyperthermia: Role and Risk Factor for Cancer Treatment” |
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| 13 |
What is the primary benefit of using hyperthermia in cancer treatment?
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It kills cancer cells with minimal damage to normal cells. |
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According to the study, hyperthermia selectively damages or kills cancer cells while sparing most normal tissues. It also enhances the effectiveness of other treatments like radiation and chemotherapy, making it a valuable adjunct therapy in oncology. |
The study “Hyperthermia: Role and Risk Factor for Cancer Treatment” |
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| 14 |
Hyperthermia is often used in combination with which of the following treatments?
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Radiotherapy and chemotherapy |
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According to the study, hyperthermia is not typically used alone but is often combined with radiation and/or chemotherapy. Heat enhances the sensitivity of cancer cells to these treatments, improving overall therapeutic outcomes. |
The study “Hyperthermia: Role and Risk Factor for Cancer Treatment” |
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| 15 |
What is the main challenge of using hyperthermia in cancer treatment?
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Reaching and maintaining the required temperature in the target area. |
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One of the biggest technical challenges in hyperthermia therapy is the ability to precisely heat the tumor area to the required temperature (typically 40–45°C) without harming nearby healthy tissue. This requires advanced equipment and careful monitoring. |
The study “Hyperthermia: Role and Risk Factor for Cancer Treatment” |
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| 16 |
Which type of hyperthermia involves heating a larger region or the whole body?
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Whole-body hyperthermia |
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Whole-body hyperthermia is used when cancer has spread throughout the body or is present in multiple areas. It involves raising the temperature of the entire body, usually using warm blankets, hot wax, or special chambers, to stimulate immune response or make cancer cells more vulnerable to treatments. |
The study “Hyperthermia: Role and Risk Factor for Cancer Treatment” |
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| 17 |
What type of hyperthermia uses applicators inserted into or near a body cavity to deliver heat?
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Endocavitary hyperthermia |
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Endocavitary hyperthermia involves inserting heating devices (applicators) into natural body cavities (like the rectum, esophagus, or cervix) to directly heat tumors located inside or near those areas. It allows precise and localized thermal therapy in internal organs. |
The study “Hyperthermia: Role and Risk Factor for Cancer Treatment” |
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| 18 |
What is a significant potential side effect of whole-body hyperthermia?
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Systemic stress affecting major organs |
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Whole-body hyperthermia raises the temperature of the entire body, which may lead to systemic physiological stress. This includes cardiovascular strain, dehydration, or complications in organs such as the heart, kidneys, or liver — especially in vulnerable patients. |
The study “Hyperthermia: Role and Risk Factor for Cancer Treatment” |
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| 19 |
Considering the physics of heat transfer, why is controlling hyperthermia challenging during treatment?
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Human tissue has varying thermal conductivities which affect heat distribution. |
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During hyperthermia treatment, different tissues (e.g., fat, muscle, tumor) conduct and retain heat at different rates, which makes it difficult to ensure that only the tumor receives the intended temperature without overheating nearby healthy tissue. This variability is a core physical challenge in clinical heat application. |
The study “Hyperthermia: Role and Risk Factor for Cancer Treatment” |
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| 20 |
Why is hyperthermia considered a beneficial adjunct to radiotherapy and chemotherapy?
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It makes cancer cells more susceptible to other treatments. |
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The study “Hyperthermia: Role and Risk Factor for Cancer Treatment” |
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