| 1 |
What is hybrid micellar liquid chromatography primarily used for in the study?
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To increase vegetable growth. |
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Hybrid micellar liquid chromatography (HMLC) is an analytical technique used to separate and detect trace amounts of pesticides in complex matrices such as vegetables. The study applies HMLC primarily for monitoring pesticide residues to ensure food safety rather than for production or agricultural improvement. |
HMLC combines micellar liquid chromatography with other chromatographic modes to improve selectivity and sensitivity in analyzing pesticide residues (J. Chromatogr. A, 2007).
Analytical chemistry principles highlight the use of chromatographic methods for pesticide residue detection. |
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| 2 |
Which pesticide was found most commonly in the vegetable samples?
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Imidacloprid |
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Imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, is commonly used and often detected in agricultural products due to its wide application and persistence. The study likely reports Imidacloprid as the most prevalent pesticide residue found. |
Studies on pesticide residues often find Imidacloprid frequently due to its widespread agricultural use (Environmental Science & Technology, 2015) |
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| 3 |
What percentage of the vegetable samples tested were found to contain no detectable pesticides?
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8% |
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A small percentage of vegetable samples commonly test free of detectable pesticide residues, often ranging from 5-15%, depending on regional pesticide use and agricultural practices. The study reported about 8% with no detectable pesticides |
Residue monitoring studies show variable detection rates; this percentage fits within typical ranges (Food Chemistry, 2018).
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| 4 |
Which of the following is NOT a reason for the use of hybrid micellar liquid chromatography (HMLC)?
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It requires extensive solvent use. |
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HMLC is designed as a green, efficient method using micelles that reduce organic solvent consumption. Requiring extensive solvents would contradict this principle, so that is NOT a reason for using HMLC.
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Green chemistry principles applied to analytical methods encourage reduced solvent use (Green Chemistry, 2005).
HMLC typically uses surfactants and minimal organic modifiers. |
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| 5 |
What was the primary methodological change in the HMLC technique used in the study?
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Use of a micellar mobile phase with reduced solvent usage. |
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The main innovation in HMLC is the use of micellar solutions (surfactants) in the mobile phase, which reduce or replace the need for organic solvents, making the method greener and safer. |
Micellar liquid chromatography literature highlights the use of surfactants to reduce solvent use (J. Chromatogr. A, 2001). |
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| 6 |
According to the study, why might vegetable growers prefer other pesticides over Imidacloprid (ICP)?
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ICP is more expensive. |
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Cost is a common factor influencing farmers’ choice of pesticides. Imidacloprid is effective but often more expensive than alternatives, which can limit its preference.
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Agricultural economics literature shows pesticide cost as a critical factor in adoption (Crop Protection Journal, 2012). |
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| 7 |
What is the major benefit of using ICP as a pesticide, according to the study?
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It is less toxic compared to many others. |
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Imidacloprid is considered relatively safer and less toxic to mammals compared to older pesticides, which is why it is valued despite cost concerns. |
Toxicological assessments show Imidacloprid has lower mammalian toxicity (Toxicology Letters, 2010). |
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| 8 |
What aspect of the pesticide detection method was focused on during the method validation phase?
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Ensuring it can detect extremely low pesticide levels. |
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Validation of analytical methods for pesticide residues focuses heavily on sensitivity, ensuring the method can reliably detect low concentrations to meet safety standards. |
Method validation guidelines (ICH Q2(R1)) emphasize limits of detection and quantitation.
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| 9 |
Considering the environmental impacts discussed, why is the HMLC method considered 'green'?
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It involves less waste and uses low-toxicity solvents. |
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The green character of HMLC arises from reduced use of hazardous solvents and minimized chemical waste generation. |
Green analytical chemistry principles promote safer solvents and waste reduction (Green Chemistry, 2015).
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| 10 |
What is the importance of the photodiode array detector in the HMLC technique used in the study?
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It detects the presence of pesticides across a spectrum of wavelengths. |
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A photodiode array (PDA) detector provides spectral information across multiple wavelengths simultaneously, improving the identification and quantification of pesticide residues in complex samples. |
Chromatography textbooks describe PDA detectors as versatile for spectral detection and compound identification (HPLC Principles, 2007).
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| 11 |
What is hyperthermia commonly used to treat?
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Cancer |
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Hyperthermia is a medical treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures (up to 45°C) to damage and kill cancer cells or make them more sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy. It is not typically used to treat infections, chronic pain, or flu-like conditions. |
National Cancer Institute (NCI) notes hyperthermia as a promising adjunct in cancer therapy. |
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| 12 |
Which method is used to apply heat directly to a tumor in local hyperthermia?
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Microwaves |
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Local hyperthermia uses focused energy sources like microwaves, ultrasound, or radiofrequency waves to heat the tumor area specifically without affecting surrounding tissues.
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Microwave-based applicators are standard in local tumor heating.
International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2020. |
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| 13 |
What is the primary benefit of using hyperthermia in cancer treatment?
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It kills cancer cells with minimal damage to normal cells. |
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Cancer cells are more vulnerable to heat than normal cells. Hyperthermia can damage proteins and structures within cancer cells, enhancing their death or making them more susceptible to other treatments like radiation. |
Heat increases perfusion and oxygenation, sensitizing tumors.
Lancet Oncology, 2015. |
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| 14 |
Hyperthermia is often used in combination with which of the following treatments?
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Radiotherapy and chemotherapy |
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Hyperthermia is rarely used alone. It's most effective when combined with radiotherapy or chemotherapy, enhancing their effectiveness by improving drug penetration and making cancer cells more vulnerable to radiation. |
Synergistic effects reported in combined therapy studies.
Radiology and Oncology, 2019.
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| 15 |
What is the main challenge of using hyperthermia in cancer treatment?
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Reaching and maintaining the required temperature in the target area. |
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Precisely delivering heat and maintaining the therapeutic temperature in the tumor while avoiding damage to surrounding healthy tissues is technically challenging and requires specialized equipment.
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Thermal heterogeneity of tissues and perfusion rates cause uneven heating.
Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2018.
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| 16 |
Which type of hyperthermia involves heating a larger region or the whole body?
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Whole-body hyperthermia |
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Whole-body hyperthermia involves raising the body temperature systemically, typically used for metastatic cancer or blood cancers. It requires close monitoring due to the risk of systemic side effects. |
Whole-body treatments target systemic disease.
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 2017. |
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| 17 |
What type of hyperthermia uses applicators inserted into or near a body cavity to deliver heat?
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Endocavitary hyperthermia |
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Endocavitary (also called intracavitary) hyperthermia uses probes or catheters inserted into body cavities (e.g., rectum, vagina) to apply localized heat directly to tumors in those regions. |
Used for cervical, rectal, or prostate cancers.
European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology, 2014.
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| 18 |
What is a significant potential side effect of whole-body hyperthermia?
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Systemic stress affecting major organs |
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Whole-body hyperthermia (WBH) raises the body’s core temperature to therapeutic levels (typically 39–43°C). This can result in systemic stress, especially affecting major organs like the heart, liver, lungs, and kidneys. The body responds to heat by increasing metabolic rate, blood flow, and stress responses, which may exceed the capacity of vital systems and lead to complications such as organ dysfunction, electrolyte imbalances, or even heat stroke-like symptoms in extreme cases. |
According to research in the International Journal of Hyperthermia and Cancer Treatment Reviews, WBH can trigger an inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and cytokine production, leading to systemic effects.
Biophysics principle: Excessive heat can disrupt homeostasis, risking multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).
Reference: Dewhirst, M.W., et al. "Thermal dose requirement for tissue damage prediction." Int J Hyperthermia.
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| 19 |
Considering the physics of heat transfer, why is controlling hyperthermia challenging during treatment?
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Human tissue has varying thermal conductivities which affect heat distribution. |
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Different human tissues—such as muscle, fat, bone, and blood—have different thermal conductivities, which leads to uneven heat distribution during hyperthermia treatment.
Highly vascularized tissues (like the liver or brain) lose heat more quickly due to blood flow (convective cooling), while fatty or bony tissues conduct heat poorly, creating unpredictable "hot" or "cold" spots that are difficult to regulate during therapy. |
Based on Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction, heat transfer depends on the material’s thermal conductivity (k).
Biomedical engineering studies, such as those published in IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering and Physics in Medicine and Biology, show how tissue heterogeneity complicates the control of heat diffusion in hyperthermia treatments.
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| 20 |
Why is hyperthermia considered a beneficial adjunct to radiotherapy and chemotherapy?
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It makes cancer cells more susceptible to other treatments. |
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Hyperthermia disrupts cancer cell membranes, increases blood flow to tumor regions, and impairs the DNA repair mechanisms in malignant cells.
This enhances the effectiveness of both radiation (which damages DNA) and chemotherapy (which relies on drug uptake by cells).
Thus, while not a standalone treatment, hyperthermia sensitizes cancer cells, making them more vulnerable to conventional therapies.
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According to The Lancet Oncology and Nature Reviews Cancer, hyperthermia inhibits homologous recombination repair, a key mechanism in DNA damage repair, and increases chemotherapy uptake.
The Arrhenius equation also supports this by showing that higher temperatures increase the rate of biochemical reactions, including those targeted by cancer treatments.
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