| 1 |
How might using gold nanoparticles in electrochemical sensors enhance early-stage disease detection?
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2. By increasing surface interactions for more accurate biomarker capture |
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Gold nanoparticles has large surface area, increasing surface interaction, and small size to have more accurate capture. |
"For instance, gold nanoparticles can enhance the electrochemical signal by providing a large surface area for the immobilization of biomolecules, leading to higher sensitivity in detecting low-abundance biomarkers [21]." (1.3.1) |
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| 2 |
Which of the following best explains how label-free electrochemical sensors support point-of-care medical diagnostics?
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3. They provide direct measurement of target molecules with minimal preparation |
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It is mentioned that label-free (using nanomaterial) electrochemical sensors can have a fast detection and be portable, meaning that it requires minimal preparation, compared to traditional labelled methonds. |
"Nanotechnology-enhanced electrochemical sensors offer a rapid, sensitive, and portable alternative for pathogen detection [96]." (5.2) |
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| 3 |
Why is electrochemical transduction considered advantageous over optical transduction in medical diagnostic sensors?
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2. It is more compatible with smartphone integration for remote analysis |
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| 4 |
Which action would most effectively increase specificity in a sensor designed to detect a single disease biomarker?
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3. Functionalizing the electrode with disease-specific aptamers |
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I think that this would increase the specificity by selectively biding with target biomarkers. |
"Functionalizing nanomaterials with antibodies or aptamers specific to the target biomarker enhances the selectivity and sensitivity of the sensors." (5.1.3) |
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| 5 |
In a scenario where a sensor must detect ultra-low concentrations of a cancer biomarker, which modification is most critical?
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3. Incorporating nanostructures to increase surface-to-volume ratio |
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Increased surface area to volume ratio increases sensitivity of sensor which allow detection of low concentration biomarkers. |
"Sensitivity is the ability of the sensor to detect low concentrations of the analyte, usually expressed as the slope of the calibration curve (signal per unit concentration)." (1.2.3) |
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| 6 |
Why might two electrochemical sensors using the same nanomaterial produce inconsistent results?
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3. Variations in nanomaterial synthesis affect structural uniformity |
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It is mentioned that nanomaterials can have inconsistent variation, affecting its reproducibility. This causes two electochemical sensors to have different results. |
"Variability in the synthesis and fabrication of nanomaterials can lead to inconsistent sensor responses. Minor variations in size, shape, and surface properties of nanomaterials can significantly impact their electrochemical behavior, making it difficult to achieve reliable and reproducible results." (7.1.1) |
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| 7 |
Which characteristic makes nanotechnology-based electrochemical sensors especially suitable for wearable medical devices?
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3. They allow miniaturization without losing sensitivity |
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It is mentioned that nanomaterial electrochemical sensors has developments in miniaturization which can lead to integration in wearable devices. |
"Advances in miniaturization and power management are facilitating the integration of these sensors into portable and wearable devices [157,158]." (8.1) |
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| 8 |
What would likely happen if the bioreceptor layer is poorly immobilized on the sensor surface?
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3. Target biomolecules may not bind effectively, leading to weak or inaccurate signals |
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Poor immobilization can reduce the efficiency of biding and effect accuracy of sensor. |
"Immunosensors utilize antibodies as the recognition element to specifically bind to antigens providing high specificity for detecting pathogens or biomarkers in medical diagnostics." (1.2.2) |
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| 9 |
Which modification would most directly enhance electron transfer in the sensor system?
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2. Incorporating carbon nanotubes on the electrode surface |
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Carbon nanotubules has good electrical properties which means that it can enhance electron transfer effectively. |
"Nanotubes, particularly carbon nanotubes (CNTs), are cylindrical nanostructures with exceptional electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties [49]." (3.2) |
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| 10 |
How can digital sensing technologies best support personalized cancer care?
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2. By collecting real-time data on patient-specific symptoms and responses |
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Collecting real-time data can cause cancer care to be personalized and specific to each patient. |
"This capability for continuous, highly personalized disease monitoring is crticial for early cancer diagnosis and treatment customization (Kim et al., 2021; Shehada et al., 2015)." (1.2) |
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| 11 |
If a clinician needs to monitor fatigue and motion in cancer patients at home, which device should be prioritized?
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2. Smart accelerometers in wearables |
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I think that being able to track motion will have the most useful affect for monitoring fatigue. |
"One example is a study conducted by Panda et al., which utilizes smartphone accelerometers to track post-surgical recovery among cancer patients, offering a more personalized and objective measure of physical activity (Panda et al., 2020)." (6.2) |
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| 12 |
Why is combining sensor data with patient-reported outcomes (PROs) important in digital cancer care?
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3. It allows a holistic understanding of patient experience |
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I think that combining sensor data and subjective feedback from patients can support better care decisions. |
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| 13 |
A hospital invested in wearable digital monitoring but received low engagement from patients. Which of the following is most likely a contributing factor?
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3. Low digital health literacy among patients |
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It is mentioned that target patients of digital sensing had low digital literacy since they don't have information about the use of their information. This could cause them to not be engaged with wearable monitoring devices. |
"Patients usually share health data using digital sensor platforms, but they do not have any information about the use of their information (Smith et al., 2016)." (7.3) |
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| 14 |
Which future trend is most aligned with the development of emerging digital cancer platforms?
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2. Creation of pocket-sized biosensing tools integrated with smartphones |
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"These upcoming advancements are mainly based on avenues such as multiplexed diagnostic platforms, functionalized nanomaterials, AI and digital medicine expansion, technological biomarker integration, real-time data collection, wearable technologies, and holistic approaches (Annunziata et al., 2024; Borkar et al., 2024; Ge et al., 2022; Kaya et al., 2022; Parihar et al., 2022; Putri et al., 2024; Scott and Thompson, 2024; Tian et al., 2024; Xu et al., 2023)." (7.4) |
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| 15 |
How can real-time symptom monitoring positively affect treatment decisions?
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3. By enabling rapid intervention before major deterioration |
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| 16 |
Which technology is best suited to detect rare cancer biomarkers with high precision?
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1. Digital ELISA |
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| 17 |
Why is collaboration between data scientists and clinicians essential in digital oncology platforms?
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3. Data insights require clinical validation for real-world use |
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| 18 |
Which outcome is most likely when cancer patients actively use digital health tools to track their condition?
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2. They engage more actively in shared treatment decisions |
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| 19 |
A research team is developing a highly selective electrochemical sensor for detecting cancer biomarkers in blood. Based on the diagram, which combination of nanoparticle properties would most likely enhance both specificity and signal sensitivity?
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2. Small spherical particles with antibody-conjugated targeting ligands |
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| 20 |
A hospital is planning to adopt a single digital sensing platform to support a wide range of diagnostic applications. Based on the image, which of the following most justifies this decision?
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2. One platform can be customized to detect toxins, cancer biomarkers, and heavy metals using interchangeable biorecognition elements |
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