| 1 |
What is the primary function of AI in the medical imaging industry?
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To improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes |
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AI helps detect diseases earlier and more accurately (e.g., tumors, fractures, abnormalities).
It supports radiologists and doctors by analyzing images quickly and consistently.
Leads to better clinical decisions and improved patient care. |
AI-assisted diagnostics: Enhancing human interpretation of imaging.
Clinical decision support systems (CDSS): Tools that use AI to improve diagnosis and outcomes.
Focus on efficiency, accuracy, and healthcare quality. |
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| 2 |
Which of the following is a key benefit of AI in radiology noted in the article?
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Acts as a second medical opinion |
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AI provides an additional layer of diagnostic support to radiologists.
It helps verify findings, reducing the chance of human error.
Functions as a trusted second opinion, especially in complex cases. |
Clinical decision support: AI enhances the confidence and accuracy of medical professionals.
Augmented intelligence: AI is used to support—not replace—human expertise in diagnostics. |
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| 3 |
What does AI literacy refer to according to the article?
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Understanding and knowledge of AI technology |
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AI literacy refers to the awareness, understanding, and ability to engage with AI systems.
It includes knowing how AI works, its limitations, and how to use it effectively in healthcare settings. |
Digital literacy and AI competency frameworks.
Emphasizes education and training to ensure professionals can interact with AI responsibly and effectively. |
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| 4 |
Which factor is NOT listed as influencing the acceptability of AI among healthcare professionals?
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The color of the AI machines |
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The article highlights factors like trust, workflow integration, understanding, and openness to technology as key to AI acceptance.
Machine color is not mentioned and has no relevance to professional acceptability. |
Technology acceptance models (TAM): Focus on user trust, perceived usefulness, and ease of integration.
Human-AI interaction theory: Acceptability is shaped by perceptions and experiences, not appearance. |
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| 5 |
What role does social influence play in AI acceptability in healthcare according to the article?
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Affects healthcare professionals’ decisions to use AI |
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Social influence impacts how healthcare professionals perceive and adopt AI.
Support or skepticism from colleagues, institutions, or leadership can shape individual willingness to trust and use AI tools.
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Theory of Planned Behavior and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM):
Social norms and peer influence play a role in technology adoption decisions. |
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| 6 |
What is a perceived threat regarding AI usage in healthcare settings?
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Concerns about replacing healthcare professionals |
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One major concern is that AI might automate tasks traditionally done by medical professionals, leading to job insecurity or role changes.
This perception can lead to resistance or hesitation in adopting AI tools. |
Technological displacement theory: Fear that automation will replace human labor.
AI acceptability frameworks often highlight job security concerns as barriers to adoption. |
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| 7 |
According to the article, what is essential for increasing AI acceptability among medical professionals?
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Designing human-centred AI systems |
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The article emphasizes that AI must be aligned with the needs, workflows, and values of healthcare professionals.
Human-centred design increases trust, usability, and integration, which are all crucial for acceptability. |
Human-centred design theory: Technology should prioritize user experience and context.
Linked to user trust and technology acceptance models in healthcare settings. |
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| 8 |
What does the 'system usage' category of AI acceptability factors include according to the article?
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Factors like value proposition and integration with workflows |
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The ‘system usage’ category focuses on how well AI tools fit into daily clinical practice.
It includes aspects like the perceived value of AI and how smoothly it integrates with existing workflows. |
Based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and sociotechnical systems theory, which emphasize ease of use, usefulness, and workflow compatibility as key factors for successful technology adoption. |
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| 9 |
How does ethicality impact AI acceptability among healthcare professionals?
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Affects views on AI based on compatibility with professional values |
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Ethicality influences whether healthcare professionals trust and accept AI based on how well it aligns with their ethical standards and responsibilities.
If AI respects patient rights, fairness, and clinical integrity, it's more likely to be accepted. |
Draws from ethics in technology adoption and professional value alignment, emphasizing that perceived ethical alignment is key in building trust and acceptability in clinical environments. |
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| 10 |
What methodological approach did the article emphasize for future AI acceptability studies?
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Considering user experience and system integration deeply |
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The article stresses the importance of studying how AI fits into real-world healthcare environments.
It highlights the need to understand how users interact with AI and how well it integrates into clinical workflows. |
Based on human-centred design and sociotechnical systems theory, which focus on aligning technology with user needs, workflow compatibility, and contextual use in practice. |
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| 11 |
What is the primary objective of using human embryonic stem cells in treating Parkinson’s disease?
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To promote neurogenesis. |
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Parkinson’s disease is primarily caused by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain.
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be differentiated into dopaminergic neurons, aiming to restore dopamine levels and improve motor function. |
Based on cell replacement therapy in neurodegenerative diseases.
Utilizes pluripotent stem cells to regenerate or replace damaged or lost dopaminergic neurons specifically affected in Parkinson’s disease. |
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| 12 |
Which animal was used to test the STEM-PD product for safety and efficacy?
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Rats |
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The STEM-PD product was tested in rat models of Parkinson’s disease to assess safety, dopamine neuron function, and motor improvements.
Rats are commonly used in preclinical trials due to their neurological similarities and established disease models. |
Based on preclinical animal modeling in biomedical research.
Utilizes rodent models to evaluate therapeutic efficacy and safety before advancing to human clinical trials. |
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| 13 |
What was the duration of the preclinical safety study in rats mentioned in the article?
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12 months |
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The article specifies that the preclinical safety study in rats lasted for 12 months, providing long-term data on the survival, function, and safety of the transplanted stem cell-derived neurons. |
Long-term preclinical evaluation: Essential to ensure durability and safety of stem cell therapies before human trials.
Reflects standard practices in regenerative medicine and neurotherapeutic research. |
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| 14 |
What is the name of the clinical trial phase mentioned for STEM-PD?
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Phase I/IIa |
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The article refers to the STEM-PD trial as a Phase I/IIa clinical trial, which combines early safety assessment (Phase I) with preliminary evaluation of effectiveness (Phase IIa).
This phase helps determine safe dosage, potential side effects, and initial efficacy in human subjects. |
Based on clinical trial progression models, where Phase I/IIa trials are crucial in first-in-human studies for new biomedical therapies like stem cell treatments. |
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| 15 |
How is the STEM-PD product manufactured?
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Under GMP-compliant conditions |
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The STEM-PD product is manufactured under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant conditions, ensuring high standards of quality, safety, and consistency for clinical use.
GMP compliance is essential for producing cell-based therapies used in human trials. |
Rooted in GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) regulations for biomedical products.
Ensures that clinical-grade therapies meet strict regulatory and safety standards before human application. |
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| 16 |
According to the article, what confirmed the safety of the STEM-PD product in rats?
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There were no adverse effects or tumor formation. |
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The article reports that the 12-month preclinical study in rats showed no tumor formation or other adverse effects, confirming the safety profile of the STEM-PD product. |
Aligned with preclinical safety evaluation in regenerative medicine.
Focuses on identifying toxicological risks like tumorigenicity and immune response before progressing to human trials. |
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| 17 |
What key finding was noted in the efficacy study of STEM-PD in rats?
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Transplanted cells increased cognitive impairments. |
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The article highlights that STEM-PD transplanted cells led to significant improvements in motor function in rat models of Parkinson’s disease.
This indicates that the cells not only survived and integrated, but also functioned as intended to relieve symptoms. |
Based on the theory of functional cell replacement therapy, where transplanted stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons restore lost neurological function, particularly in neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson’s disease. |
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| 18 |
What specific markers were used to assess the purity of the STEM-PD batch?
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LMX1A and EN1 |
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The article states that LMX1A and EN1 were used as specific markers to assess the purity and identity of the dopaminergic progenitor cells in the STEM-PD product.
These markers are characteristic of midbrain dopamine neuron precursors, which are the therapeutic target in Parkinson’s treatment. |
Cell identity and differentiation marker theory in stem cell biology.
LMX1A and EN1 are transcription factors crucial for the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, making them key indicators of product specificity and quality. |
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| 19 |
What role do growth factors like FGF8b and SHH play in the manufacturing process of STEM-PD?
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They are used in cell patterning for specific neural fates. |
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FGF8b (Fibroblast Growth Factor 8b) and SHH (Sonic Hedgehog) are essential signaling molecules used to guide the differentiation of embryonic stem cells toward a midbrain dopaminergic neuron lineage.
These factors help mimic developmental cues, ensuring the cells acquire the correct neural identity. |
Based on developmental biology principles, specifically morphogen-guided neural patterning.
FGF8b and SHH are well-established in directing ventral midbrain fate, critical in the manufacture of targeted cell therapies like STEM-PD for Parkinson’s disease. |
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| 20 |
What was a key outcome measured in the preclinical trials for efficacy in rats?
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Recovery of motor function |
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A central goal of the STEM-PD therapy is to restore dopaminergic function lost in Parkinson’s disease.
In the rat model, a key indicator of efficacy was the improvement in motor abilities, demonstrating the functional benefit of the transplanted cells. |
Based on the functional recovery model in neurodegenerative disease research, where success is measured by behavioral outcomes such as motor improvement in animal models simulating human conditions like Parkinson’s. |
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