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What is hybrid micellar liquid chromatography primarily used for in the study?
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To detect commonly used pesticides in vegetables. |
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360068563_Detection_of_Most_Commonly_Used_Pesticides_in_Green_Leafy_Vegetables_from_Sagar_India_Using_Direct_Injection_Hybrid_Micellar_Liquid_Chromatography |
After a survey conducted to know the pesticide management practices in Sagar, India, a procedure based on hybrid micellar liquid chromatography coupled to a photodiode array detector has been developed and validated to monitor imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, profenofos and cypermethrin content in green leafy vegetables. |
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| 2 |
Which pesticide was found most commonly in the vegetable samples?
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Chlorpyrifos |
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772582022000122 |
Chlorpyrifos was found to be the most commonly used pesticide among vegetable growers. |
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| 3 |
What percentage of the vegetable samples tested were found to contain no detectable pesticides?
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16% |
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772582022000122 |
Sixteen percent of the collected samples were found to be negative for the selected pesticides. |
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| 4 |
Which of the following is NOT a reason for the use of hybrid micellar liquid chromatography (HMLC)?
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It requires extensive solvent use. |
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/liquid-chromatography#:~:text=The%20disadvantages%20of%20liquid%20chromatography%20are:&text=expensive%20generally%20bulky%20equipment%20requiring%20skilled%20operators;&text=intensive%20and%20expensive%20maintenance%20required%20to%20retain%20optimum%20performance;&text=difficult%20to%20separate%20some%20components%20in%20fire%20effluents. |
The disadvantages of liquid chromatography are:
1.expensive generally bulky equipment requiring skilled operators;
2.intensive and expensive maintenance required to retain optimum performance;
3.difficult to separate some components in fire effluents. |
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| 5 |
What was the primary methodological change in the HMLC technique used in the study?
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Use of a micellar mobile phase with reduced solvent usage. |
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| 6 |
According to the study, why might vegetable growers prefer other pesticides over Imidacloprid (ICP)?
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ICP is more expensive. |
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| 7 |
What is the major benefit of using ICP as a pesticide, according to the study?
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It is less toxic compared to many others. |
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| 8 |
What aspect of the pesticide detection method was focused on during the method validation phase?
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Testing on animal samples. |
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| 9 |
Considering the environmental impacts discussed, why is the HMLC method considered 'green'?
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It involves less waste and uses low-toxicity solvents. |
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| 10 |
What is the importance of the photodiode array detector in the HMLC technique used in the study?
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It detects the presence of pesticides across a spectrum of wavelengths. |
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| 11 |
What is hyperthermia commonly used to treat?
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Cancer |
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https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/hyperthermia#:~:text=with%20heated%20blankets-,Cancers%20treated%20with%20hyperthermia,Types%20of%20hyperthermia%20treatment |
Hyperthermia is almost always used with other forms of cancer treatment. Many clinical trials have shown that hyperthermia, when used with treatments such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy, helps shrink tumors and may make it easier for them to kill cancer cells. |
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| 12 |
Which method is used to apply heat directly to a tumor in local hyperthermia?
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Infrared radiation |
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| 13 |
What is the primary benefit of using hyperthermia in cancer treatment?
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It kills cancer cells with minimal damage to normal cells. |
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https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/17114-hyperthermia-therapy |
Minimizing damage to nearby tissues while only treating the tumor itself. |
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| 14 |
Hyperthermia is often used in combination with which of the following treatments?
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Radiotherapy and chemotherapy |
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https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7242805/ |
Hyperthermia is often used in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy for cancer treatment. |
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| 15 |
What is the main challenge of using hyperthermia in cancer treatment?
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Reaching and maintaining the required temperature in the target area. |
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| 16 |
Which type of hyperthermia involves heating a larger region or the whole body?
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Whole-body hyperthermia |
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| 17 |
What type of hyperthermia uses applicators inserted into or near a body cavity to deliver heat?
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Endocavitary hyperthermia |
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https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/hyperthermia#types-of-hyperthermia-treatment |
endocavitary hyperthermia is used to treat tumors within or near body cavities, such as the esophagus or rectum. |
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What is a significant potential side effect of whole-body hyperthermia?
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Systemic stress affecting major organs |
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https://www.bumrungrad.com/en/treatments/whole-body-hyperthermia#:~:text=Side%20Effects%3A,during%20and%20after%20the%20treatment. |
Burns and Tissue Damage |
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| 19 |
Considering the physics of heat transfer, why is controlling hyperthermia challenging during treatment?
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Human tissue has varying thermal conductivities which affect heat distribution. |
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| 20 |
Why is hyperthermia considered a beneficial adjunct to radiotherapy and chemotherapy?
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It makes cancer cells more susceptible to other treatments. |
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