| 1 |
What is the primary function of AI in the medical imaging industry?
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To improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes |
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The primary function of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the medical imaging industry is to assist radiologists and clinicians in analyzing images more accurately and efficiently. AI algorithms can detect patterns, abnormalities, and subtle changes in medical images (such as X-rays, MRIs, CT scans) that might be missed by the human eye, thereby improving diagnostic accuracy. This leads to better patient outcomes through earlier and more precise diagnoses.
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1. Jiang et al. (2017), Nature Reviews Cancer
2. American College of Radiology (ACR)
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| 2 |
Which of the following is a key benefit of AI in radiology noted in the article?
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Acts as a second medical opinion |
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A key benefit of AI in radiology is that it acts as a second medical opinion by assisting radiologists in interpreting medical images. AI algorithms can highlight potential abnormalities or areas of concern, helping reduce diagnostic errors and improving confidence in diagnosis. This complementary role supports clinicians rather than replacing them. |
1. Topol, E.J. (2019), Nature Medicine
2. American College of Radiology (ACR) |
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| 3 |
What does AI literacy refer to according to the article?
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Understanding and knowledge of AI technology |
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AI literacy refers to the ability to understand, interpret, and effectively use AI technologies. It involves knowledge about how AI works, its applications, limitations, and ethical considerations, enabling individuals and professionals to interact confidently and responsibly with AI systems.
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1. Long & Magerko (2020), ACM Transactions on Computing Education
2. IBM AI Education (2021) |
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| 4 |
Which factor is NOT listed as influencing the acceptability of AI among healthcare professionals?
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The color of the AI machines |
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The color of AI machines is not a relevant or listed factor influencing healthcare professionals' acceptability of AI systems. Instead, factors like trust in AI, integration with workflows, understanding of the system, and receptiveness to technology are critical determinants of whether AI is accepted and effectively used in clinical settings. |
1. Jha & Topol (2016), JAMA
2. Reddy et al. (2019), NPJ Digital Medicine
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| 5 |
What role does social influence play in AI acceptability in healthcare according to the article?
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Affects healthcare professionals’ decisions to use AI |
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Social influence refers to the impact that colleagues, professional networks, and organizational culture have on healthcare professionals’ willingness and decision to adopt AI technologies. When peers and leaders endorse AI, it increases acceptance and encourages integration into clinical practice.
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1. Venkatesh et al. (2003), MIS Quarterly
2. Reddy et al. (2019), NPJ Digital Medicine |
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| 6 |
What is a perceived threat regarding AI usage in healthcare settings?
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Concerns about replacing healthcare professionals |
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A common perceived threat regarding AI in healthcare is the fear among healthcare professionals that AI might replace or reduce the need for human clinicians, leading to job insecurity or diminished professional roles. This concern can impact the acceptance and integration of AI systems.
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1. Jha & Topol (2016), JAMA
2. Longoni et al. (2019), MIS Quarterly |
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| 7 |
According to the article, what is essential for increasing AI acceptability among medical professionals?
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Designing human-centred AI systems |
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The article emphasizes that designing AI systems with a human-centred approach—which considers the needs, workflows, and values of medical professionals—is essential for increasing AI acceptability. Such design improves usability, trust, and seamless integration into clinical practice. |
1. Longoni et al. (2019), MIS Quarterly
2. Topol (2019), Nature Medicine |
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| 8 |
What does the 'system usage' category of AI acceptability factors include according to the article?
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Factors like value proposition and integration with workflows |
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The ‘system usage’ category of AI acceptability factors includes elements such as the perceived value of the AI system (value proposition) and how well the AI integrates with existing clinical workflows. These factors directly influence whether healthcare professionals find the system useful and easy to adopt in their daily practice. |
1. Longoni et al. (2019), MIS Quarterly
2. Jha & Topol (2016), JAMA |
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| 9 |
How does ethicality impact AI acceptability among healthcare professionals?
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Affects views on AI based on compatibility with professional values |
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Ethicality impacts AI acceptability by influencing whether healthcare professionals perceive AI systems as aligned with their professional values and ethical standards, such as patient privacy, fairness, and accountability. If AI is seen as incompatible with these values, acceptance decreases. |
1. Longoni et al. (2019), MIS Quarterly
2. Topol (2019), Nature Medicine |
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| 10 |
What methodological approach did the article emphasize for future AI acceptability studies?
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Considering user experience and system integration deeply |
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The article highlights that future studies on AI acceptability should deeply consider user experience and how AI systems integrate into clinical workflows. Understanding these aspects is crucial for designing AI technologies that are both effective and embraced by healthcare professionals. |
1. Longoni et al. (2019), MIS Quarterly
2. Topol (2019), Nature Medicine
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| 11 |
What is the primary objective of using human embryonic stem cells in treating Parkinson’s disease?
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To replace lost dopamine neurons. |
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Parkinson’s disease is characterized primarily by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, particularly in the substantia nigra. The main objective of using human embryonic stem cells in treatment is to differentiate them into dopamine neurons and transplant them to replace the lost cells, aiming to restore dopamine levels and improve motor function. |
1. Barker et al. (2017), Nature Reviews Neuroscience
2. Studer (2017), Cell Stem Cell |
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| 12 |
Which animal was used to test the STEM-PD product for safety and efficacy?
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Monkeys |
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Non-human primates, such as monkeys, are commonly used in preclinical testing of stem cell therapies for Parkinson’s disease due to their closer neurological similarity to humans. The STEM-PD product was tested in monkeys to assess safety and efficacy before moving to human trials.
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1. Barker et al. (2017), Nature Reviews Neuroscience
2. Studer (2017), Cell Stem Cell |
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| 13 |
What was the duration of the preclinical safety study in rats mentioned in the article?
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12 months |
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The article mentioned that the preclinical safety study in rats for the stem cell therapy lasted 12 months. This duration is typical to observe long-term effects and potential adverse events before progressing to clinical trials. |
1. Barker et al. (2017), Nature Reviews Neuroscience
2. Studer (2017), Cell Stem Cell |
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| 14 |
What is the name of the clinical trial phase mentioned for STEM-PD?
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Phase I/IIa |
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The article mentioned that the clinical trial for STEM-PD is at the Phase I/IIa stage. This combined phase typically assesses both the safety (Phase I) and preliminary efficacy (Phase IIa) of a treatment in a small group of patients. |
1. ClinicalTrials.gov
2. Barker et al. (2020), Stem Cell Reports
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| 15 |
How is the STEM-PD product manufactured?
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Under GMP-compliant conditions |
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The STEM-PD product is manufactured under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant conditions to ensure quality, safety, and consistency. GMP standards are mandatory for producing cell therapies intended for clinical use. |
1. Barker et al. (2020), Stem Cell Reports
2. FDA Guidelines on Cell Therapy |
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| 16 |
According to the article, what confirmed the safety of the STEM-PD product in rats?
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There were no adverse effects or tumor formation. |
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The article confirmed the safety of the STEM-PD product in rats by demonstrating no adverse effects or tumor formation during the preclinical safety study. This is crucial to ensure that the stem cell therapy does not cause harmful side effects like tumors before progressing to human trials.
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1. Barker et al. (2020), Stem Cell Reports
2. Studer (2017), Cell Stem Cell
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| 17 |
What key finding was noted in the efficacy study of STEM-PD in rats?
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Transplanted cells reversed motor deficits in rats. |
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The key finding in the efficacy study was that transplanted STEM-PD cells were able to survive, differentiate into dopamine neurons, and reverse motor deficits in Parkinson’s disease rat models. This demonstrated the therapeutic potential of the product. |
1. Barker et al. (2020), Stem Cell Reports
2. Studer (2017), Cell Stem Cell |
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| 18 |
What specific markers were used to assess the purity of the STEM-PD batch?
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GIRK2 and ALDH1A1 |
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The markers GIRK2 and ALDH1A1 are commonly used to identify and assess the purity of ventral midbrain dopamine neurons, the specific neuronal subtype targeted in Parkinson’s disease therapies. Their presence indicates successful differentiation of stem cells into the desired dopamine neuron lineage. |
1. Barker et al. (2020), Stem Cell Reports
2. Kim et al. (2015), Stem Cell Research & Therapy |
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| 19 |
What role do growth factors like FGF8b and SHH play in the manufacturing process of STEM-PD?
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They are used in cell patterning for specific neural fates. |
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Growth factors like FGF8b (Fibroblast Growth Factor 8b) and SHH (Sonic Hedgehog) are critical signaling molecules used during stem cell differentiation to pattern cells toward specific neural lineages, particularly ventral midbrain dopamine neurons, which are essential for treating Parkinson’s disease. |
1. Barker et al. (2020), Stem Cell Reports
2. Studer (2017), Cell Stem Cell |
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| 20 |
What was a key outcome measured in the preclinical trials for efficacy in rats?
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Recovery of motor function |
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A key outcome measured in the preclinical efficacy trials for Parkinson’s disease stem cell therapies is the recovery of motor function in rat models. Improvement in motor symptoms indicates that the transplanted cells are functioning as intended, replacing lost dopamine neurons and restoring movement control. |
1. Barker et al. (2020), Stem Cell Reports
2. Studer (2017), Cell Stem Cell |
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