| 1 |
What is the primary function of AI in the medical imaging industry?
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To improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes |
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AI helps analyse medical images faster and more accurately, assisting doctors in detecting diseases earlier and planning effective treatments. |
AI algorithms can detect subtle patterns in medical images like X-rays, MRIs, CT scans that may be missed by the human eye. |
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| 2 |
Which of the following is a key benefit of AI in radiology noted in the article?
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Acts as a second medical opinion |
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AI assists radiologists by providing an additional layer of analysis to improve diagnostic accuracy and confidence. |
Radiologists can make faster, more confident diagnoses knowing they have AI support backing their assessments and it can get more accurate diagnoses lead to better treatment plans and outcomes for patients. |
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| 3 |
What does AI literacy refer to according to the article?
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Understanding and knowledge of AI technology |
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It means having the skills and awareness to effectively use, interpret, and engage with AI tools and systems. |
Knowledge about AI helps users interpret AI outputs correctly and make better decisions based on them. |
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| 4 |
Which factor is NOT listed as influencing the acceptability of AI among healthcare professionals?
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The color of the AI machines |
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This is unrelated to how healthcare professionals accept or use AI technology. |
Maybe in some cases colour might affect cause refection from the light and can hurt eyes but it difficult to happen. |
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| 5 |
What role does social influence play in AI acceptability in healthcare according to the article?
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Affects healthcare professionals’ decisions to use AI |
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Social factors like colleagues’ opinions, organizational culture, and peer acceptance shape whether healthcare professionals adopt and trust AI tools. |
When AI use becomes the norm within a professional group, individuals feel more comfortable and motivated to use it. |
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| 6 |
What is a perceived threat regarding AI usage in healthcare settings?
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Concerns about replacing healthcare professionals |
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Many healthcare workers worry that AI might take over their roles, leading to job loss or reduced professional autonomy. |
When faced with new technology or change, critically evaluate both the realistic impacts and the emotional responses it triggers. |
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| 7 |
According to the article, what is essential for increasing AI acceptability among medical professionals?
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Designing human-centred AI systems |
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Focusing on AI that supports and complements healthcare professionals' work promotes greater acceptance and effective use. |
Designing solutions with a deep understanding of the end-users’ needs, workflows, and challenges to ensure technology fits seamlessly into their work.
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| 8 |
What does the 'system usage' category of AI acceptability factors include according to the article?
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Factors like value proposition and integration with workflows |
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This refers to how well the AI system fits into existing work processes and the perceived benefits it offers to users. |
Personal preferences alone or factors like location, age, or insurance don’t directly impact how the system is used in practice, which is why they’re outside this category. |
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| 9 |
How does ethicality impact AI acceptability among healthcare professionals?
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Affects views on AI based on compatibility with professional values |
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Healthcare professionals are more likely to accept AI systems that align with their ethical standards and responsibilities toward patients. |
Healthcare professionals are guided by principles like patient safety, autonomy, confidentiality, and beneficence.
If AI systems uphold these principles, professionals are more likely to trust and use them. |
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| 10 |
What methodological approach did the article emphasize for future AI acceptability studies?
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Considering user experience and system integration deeply |
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The article emphasizes that for AI to be truly accepted in healthcare settings, future studies must focus on
-How users interact with the system
-How easily AI integrates into existing clinical workflows
-Whether the technology supports rather than disrupts daily tasks |
This human-cantered methodological approach helps identify practical barriers and enablers to adoption—making AI tools more usable, trusted, and effective in real-world medical settings. |
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| 11 |
What is the primary objective of using human embryonic stem cells in treating Parkinson’s disease?
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To replace lost dopamine neurons. |
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Parkinson’s disease is primarily caused by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in a region of the brain called the substantia nigra. This loss leads to the motor symptoms characteristic of the disease, such as tremors, stiffness, and slow movement. |
Human embryonic stem cells can be directed to develop into dopaminergic neurons, which may
-Restore dopamine levels in the brain
-Improve motor function
-Potentially slow or reverse symptoms
This cell-replacement strategy is considered one of the most promising regenerative approaches to Parkinson’s therapy. |
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| 12 |
Which animal was used to test the STEM-PD product for safety and efficacy?
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Rats |
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The STEM‑PD product was tested in rats during its preclinical development. Researchers conducted a 39‑week GLP safety study in rats to assess toxicity, tumorigenicity, and biodistribution. They also performed efficacy tests in a rat Parkinson’s model, where transplanted dopamine progenitor cells matured into functional neurons and reversed motor deficits |
Established Parkinson’s Disease Models
Rats can be reliably induced with Parkinson-like symptoms by selectively damaging their dopaminergic neurons (e.g., using 6-OHDA toxins).
This mimics the human disease, allowing researchers to test whether transplanted stem-cell-derived neurons can restore motor function.
Although simpler than humans, rats have a similar dopaminergic system structure, especially in the basal ganglia, which is central to Parkinson’s pathology.
Rats are a widely accepted first step in preclinical safety and efficacy testing for neurological therapies.
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| 13 |
What was the duration of the preclinical safety study in rats mentioned in the article?
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9 months |
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hat’s approximately nine months. This duration allowed researchers to thoroughly assess toxicity, tumorigenicity, and cell distribution under GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) standards. |
The study noted it was a GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) evaluation—a rigorous standard designed to ensure data integrity and reproducibility. This aligns with regulatory requirements for advancing cell-based therapies to first-in-human trials. |
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| 14 |
What is the name of the clinical trial phase mentioned for STEM-PD?
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Phase I/IIa |
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Phase I/IIa trials are designed to evaluate both:
Safety (Phase I focus)
Preliminary efficacy (Phase IIa focus) |
This is common for innovative therapies like stem cell treatments, where early human trials aim to assess risks while also observing potential therapeutic benefits in a small patient group. |
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| 15 |
How is the STEM-PD product manufactured?
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Under GMP-compliant conditions |
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GMP stands for Good Manufacturing Practice, which ensures that the product is made:
-Safely
-Consistently
-With high quality standards
GMP compliance is essential for any therapy being tested in human clinical trials, especially for stem cell-based treatments, where product purity, identity, and safety are critical. |
This manufacturing standard was used to produce multiple batches of STEM-PD for preclinical and clinical testing. |
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| 16 |
According to the article, what confirmed the safety of the STEM-PD product in rats?
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There were no adverse effects or tumor formation. |
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The 39-week GLP safety study in rats showed:
-No toxicity
-No tumorigenicity
-No abnormal cell migration |
These outcomes are critical to confirm the safety profile of a stem-cell-derived therapy before it can move into human clinical trials. |
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| 17 |
What key finding was noted in the efficacy study of STEM-PD in rats?
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Transplanted cells reversed motor deficits in rats. |
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The transplanted stem cell–derived dopamine progenitors matured into functional dopamine neurons, restoring dopamine levels This led to significant improvement in motor function, demonstrating the potential therapeutic benefit for Parkinson’s disease. |
This positive efficacy result supports further development and clinical testing of STEM-PD. |
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| 18 |
What specific markers were used to assess the purity of the STEM-PD batch?
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LMX1A and EN1 |
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LMX1A and EN1 are transcription factors that indicate successful differentiation of stem cells into dopaminergic neuron progenitors, the target cell type for Parkinson’s therapy. |
High expression of these markers confirms the purity and identity of the cell population before transplantation. |
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| 19 |
What role do growth factors like FGF8b and SHH play in the manufacturing process of STEM-PD?
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They are used in cell patterning for specific neural fates. |
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FGF8b (Fibroblast Growth Factor 8b) and SHH (Sonic Hedgehog) are key signalling molecules that guide stem cells to develop into specific types of neurons, particularly dopaminergic neurons. |
These factors mimic natural developmental cues to pattern cells toward the desired neural lineage, ensuring the final product contains the correct cell type for treating Parkinson’s disease.
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| 20 |
What was a key outcome measured in the preclinical trials for efficacy in rats?
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Recovery of motor function |
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Parkinson’s disease primarily affects motor control due to loss of dopamine neurons. The preclinical studies focused on whether the transplanted stem cell–derived dopamine progenitors could restore motor abilities impaired by the disease model and Improvement in motor function is a direct indicator that the therapy is working as intended. |
To connect measurable animal behaviours to underlying biological functions—in this case, linking specific motor tests to the health and activity of dopamine neurons affected by Parkinson’s disease or in other words such as:
-Identify clear, objective outcomes like how long a rat stays on a rotarod.
-Use these outcomes to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment.
-Understand why those outcomes matter biologically |
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