| 1 |
What is hybrid micellar liquid chromatography primarily used for in the study?
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To detect commonly used pesticides in vegetables. |
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The method was specifically developed and validated to detect residues of the most frequently used pesticides in green leafy vegetables in the Sagar region, including chlorpyrifos, profenofos, cypermethrin, and imidacloprid |
Hybrid Micellar Liquid Chromatography (HMLC)
It is a new chromatographic technique that combines surfactants (micelles) with an environmentally friendly moving phase (green mobile phase).
Use water as the main element.
Use organic solvents with low toxicity.
Reduce waste from chemicals
Save time and cost in sample preparation.
Suitable for laboratories in developing countries that do not have complex analytical tools. |
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| 2 |
Which pesticide was found most commonly in the vegetable samples?
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Chlorpyrifos |
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According to the chromatographic analysis, chlorpyrifos was found in 76% of the green leafy vegetable samples, making it the most frequently detected pesticide in the study. |
The widespread use of chlorpyrifos reflects the popularity of local farmers due to its high effectiveness in insect control.
However, chlorpyrifos is classified as Organophosphates (OPs), which are severe toxins and have both acute and chronic effects on the nervous and health systems.
Detection in 76% of vegetable samples shows the need for strict surveillance and control of the use of this substance. |
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| 3 |
What percentage of the vegetable samples tested were found to contain no detectable pesticides?
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16% |
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Sixteen percent of the collected samples were found to be negative for the selected pesticides. |
In the inspection of 48 vegetable samples, 16% found no residue, which means:
That part may not use pesticides.
Or use at a level below the measured value (below LOD) |
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| 4 |
Which of the following is NOT a reason for the use of hybrid micellar liquid chromatography (HMLC)?
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It requires extensive solvent use. |
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This change… reduces environmental pollution caused by bulk organic solvents in conventional chromatographic methods |
HMLC is an environmentally friendly technique (Green Method) by:
Mainly use water.
Use a small amount of organic solution.
Reduce waste from chemicals
Do not use a lot of solvents. |
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| 5 |
What was the primary methodological change in the HMLC technique used in the study?
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Use of a micellar mobile phase with reduced solvent usage. |
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A modified aqueous micellar mobile phase with a major part of water… and low concentration of short-chain alcohols… |
Change from the use of a large amount of organic solutions use micellar phase
Use a little water + surfactant + alcohol Reduce toxicity Reduce costs Environmentally friendly |
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| 6 |
According to the study, why might vegetable growers prefer other pesticides over Imidacloprid (ICP)?
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ICP is more expensive. |
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OPs were available at lower prices (around ten times) in comparison to that of NN (ICP) |
Organophosphates (such as CPS) are much cheaper than Imidacloprid (ICP).
Although ICP is safer, farmers choose to use cheaper and produce faster results. |
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| 7 |
What is the major benefit of using ICP as a pesticide, according to the study?
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It is less toxic compared to many others. |
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ICP has a toxicity 700 folds lower than nicotine… can be considered a good alternative for those pesticides which cause toxicity. |
ICP (Imidacloprid) is a safer neonicotinoid.
Lower toxicity, making it suitable to replace old substances (such as CPS, PFF). |
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| 8 |
What aspect of the pesticide detection method was focused on during the method validation phase?
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Ensuring it can detect extremely low pesticide levels. |
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Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for all the compound 0.04 - 0.12 mg/Kg |
Testing to ensure that residues are detected even in very small quantities.
Comply with SANTE/11312/2021 standards for food and animal feed. |
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| 9 |
Considering the environmental impacts discussed, why is the HMLC method considered 'green'?
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It involves less waste and uses low-toxicity solvents. |
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The developed procedure is rapid, easy to handle, green since it uses a low amount of toxic chemicals providing reliable results. |
HMLC (Hybrid Micellar Liquid Chromatography) is a green analytical technique (Green Analytical Method) because:
Use low-toxic solvents (e.g. 1-propanol, SDS)
Use water as the main component of the moving phase.
Reduce the emission of chemical waste (waste)
No need to prepare for several steps ➜ Reduce time + reduce pollution |
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| 10 |
What is the importance of the photodiode array detector in the HMLC technique used in the study?
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It detects the presence of pesticides across a spectrum of wavelengths. |
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hybrid micellar liquid chromatography coupled to a photodiode array detector has been developed and validated to monitor imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, profenofos and cypermethrin |
Photodiode Array Detector (PDA) is a multi-frequency light detector (UV-Vis).
Detect each substance that absorbs light differently.
Suitable for analyzing multiple substances at the same time (multi-analyte)
Provide accurate and comprehensive information. |
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| 11 |
What is hyperthermia commonly used to treat?
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Cancer |
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Hyperthermia is a treatment technique that uses heat to destroy cancer cells. It has minimal impact on normal cells and also helps to increase the effectiveness of radiation and chemotherapy. |
Hyperthermia is widely applicable with different other forms of cancer therapy, including radiation therapy and chemotherapy.” 
“Hyperthermia enhances the oxygenation and perfusion radiotherapy activity becomes 1.5–5 times more proficient.” |
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| 12 |
Which method is used to apply heat directly to a tumor in local hyperthermia?
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Microwaves |
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Local hyperthermia uses techniques to transmit heat directly to the tumor, such as using microwave, ultrasound or radiofrequency to increase the temperature in the target area. |
Different techniques were used to incorporate heat like as microwave, ultrasound and radiofrequency. |
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| 13 |
What is the primary benefit of using hyperthermia in cancer treatment?
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It kills cancer cells with minimal damage to normal cells. |
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The main advantage of hyperthermia is that it destroys cancer cells without severely affecting or destroying normal cells, which makes it a highly safe treatment when used in conjunction with other treatments. |
The elevated body temperature can damage the cancerous cells with minimum injury to the normal cells. |
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| 14 |
Hyperthermia is often used in combination with which of the following treatments?
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Radiotherapy and chemotherapy |
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The use of hyperthermia along with radiotherapy and chemotherapy helps to strengthen the effect of destroying cancer cells by making cancer cells respond better to radiation and chemotherapy. |
Hyperthermia is widely applicable with different other forms of cancer therapy, including radiation therapy and chemotherapy. 
Hyperthermia enhances the oxygenation and perfusion… radiotherapy activity becomes 1.5–5 times more proficient. |
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| 15 |
What is the main challenge of using hyperthermia in cancer treatment?
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Reaching and maintaining the required temperature in the target area. |
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Although hyperthermia has a high potential, the main problem is the control and maintenance of the necessary temperature in the tumor, which requires high-precision equipment and complex design. |
“Attaining temperature above the systemic temperature 37 °C in a specified target volume is a challenge and still under development. |
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| 16 |
Which type of hyperthermia involves heating a larger region or the whole body?
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Whole-body hyperthermia |
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Whole-body hyperthermia uses heat to treat cancer that has spread throughout the body. By keeping the body temperature up to about 42°C to affect cancer cells throughout the body |
Whole body hyperthermia is applied to treat metastatic tumor that has spread throughout the body. A steady state of 42 °C is maintained for 1 hr. |
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| 17 |
What type of hyperthermia uses applicators inserted into or near a body cavity to deliver heat?
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Endocavitary hyperthermia |
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Endocavitary or Intraluminal hyperthermia is the use of an applicator or probe inserted into the cavity of the body, such as the esophagus or rectum, to send heat to the tumor near these cavities. |
Endocavitary: Used to treat the tumors within the body or near body cavities, like as esophagus or rectum. Probes were placed inside the cavity and then inserted into the tumor to deliver energy and heat the area directly. |
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| 18 |
What is a significant potential side effect of whole-body hyperthermia?
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Systemic stress affecting major organs |
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Whole-body hyperthermia causes stress on all body systems. May affect the heart, blood vessels and vital organs, especially when treated for a long time or at too high a temperature. |
In severe cases (rarely) it leads to problems associated with heart, blood vessels, and other major organs. The adverse effects of regional and whole body hyperthermia… might be possible. |
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| 19 |
Considering the physics of heat transfer, why is controlling hyperthermia challenging during treatment?
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Human tissue has varying thermal conductivities which affect heat distribution. |
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The difficulty of controlling hyperthermia comes from the difference in the thermal conductivity properties of the body's tissues. Causing uneven temperature distribution Affecting the accuracy of treatment |
The problem associated with these thermal method generation of vessel network require unpredictable variation in thermal properties of tissues. |
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| 20 |
Why is hyperthermia considered a beneficial adjunct to radiotherapy and chemotherapy?
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It makes cancer cells more susceptible to other treatments. |
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Hyperthermia increases the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation and chemotherapy by affecting the DNA repair process of cancer cells and increasing the absorption of drugs into cells. |
Hyperthermia increases the sensitivity of cells towards radiation and drugs… Hyperthermia inhibits DNA repair, enhancing radiation damage.” 
“In the presence of heat, chemical reaction gets accelerated. Therefore, chemotherapy becomes more effective, and less toxic. |
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