| 1 |
What is the primary function of AI in the medical imaging industry?
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To improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes |
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It addresses systemic issues such as increasing diagnostic workloads and human error, noting that misdiagnosis rates range between 3%–5% in daily practice |
The answer aligns with the sociotechnical perspective discussed in the review, where AI’s value proposition is tied to its ability to augment clinical workflows and improve accuracy—key factors influencing its acceptability among healthcare professionals. |
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| 2 |
Which of the following is a key benefit of AI in radiology noted in the article?
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Acts as a second medical opinion |
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The document explicitly states that AI systems in medical imaging provide diagnostic recommendations that serve as a second medical opinion . This function supports radiologists by offering additional insights, reducing diagnostic errors, and enhancing confidence in clinical decisions. |
The value proposition of AI centers on its clinical benefits (e.g., trust, workflow integration), with second opinion being a critical factor in acceptability among healthcare professionals. |
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| 3 |
What does AI literacy refer to according to the article?
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Understanding and knowledge of AI technology |
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The article notes that poor AI literacy can hinder trust and adoption emphasizing its role in bridging gaps between technical capabilities and practical clinical use. |
Definition of AI literacy. |
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| 4 |
Which factor is NOT listed as influencing the acceptability of AI among healthcare professionals?
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The color of the AI machines |
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The scoping review emphasizes factors tied to clinical outcomes (e.g., diagnostic accuracy, workflow efficiency) and **professional norms (e.g., ethicality, trust). Physical design elements (e.g., color) are absent because they do not align with the study’s sociotechnical lens. |
Definitions of trust and system understanding. |
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| 5 |
What role does social influence play in AI acceptability in healthcare according to the article?
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Affects healthcare professionals’ decisions to use AI |
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The article notes that peer recommendations, institutional norms, and leadership support significantly shape professionals’ willingness to adopt AI |
Aligns with the NASSS framework , which emphasizes how social systems (e.g., professional networks) impact technology adoption in healthcare. |
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| 6 |
What is a perceived threat regarding AI usage in healthcare settings?
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Concerns about replacing healthcare professionals |
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The document explicitly identifies "perceived threat to professional identity" as a key socio-organisational-cultural factor influencing AI acceptability . This includes fears that AI could replace or diminish the roles of healthcare professionals. |
This aligns with the socio-technical challenges of AI adoption , where resistance arises from perceived threats to professional autonomy and expertise. |
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| 7 |
According to the article, what is essential for increasing AI acceptability among medical professionals?
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Designing human-centred AI systems |
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Increasing AI acceptability among medical professionals will critically require designing human-centred AI systems which go beyond high algorithmic performance to consider accessibility to users with varying degrees of AI literacy, clinical workflow practices, the institutional and deployment context, and the cultural, ethical, and safety norms of healthcare professions |
Aligns with the NASSS framework , which stresses the need to adapt technologies to healthcare’s complex social and organizational systems. |
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| 8 |
What does the 'system usage' category of AI acceptability factors include according to the article?
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Factors like value proposition and integration with workflows |
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The 'system usage' category is explicitly defined as encompassing factors related to human-computer interaction and user |
The category aligns with technology acceptance theories (e.g., TAM, UTAUT) cited in the article , emphasizing practical system attributes that impact adoption. |
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| 9 |
How does ethicality impact AI acceptability among healthcare professionals?
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Affects views on AI based on compatibility with professional values |
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The extent to which healthcare professionals perceive AI as fitting with their value system (e.g., whether patient data used for AI is safely managed to protect privacy) and that of the medical profession |
Reflects the NASSS framework , which highlights how ethical and professional norms shape technology adoption in healthcare. |
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| 10 |
What methodological approach did the article emphasize for future AI acceptability studies?
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Considering user experience and system integration deeply |
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The conclusion explicitly calls for human-centred AI design that prioritizes:
User experience : Accessibility for professionals with varying AI literacy Workflow integration : Compatibility with clinical practices and institutional contexts |
Aligns with the NASSS framework , which advocates studying technology adoption through sociotechnical lenses (e.g., workflow, user needs). |
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| 11 |
What is the primary objective of using human embryonic stem cells in treating Parkinson’s disease?
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To replace lost dopamine neurons. |
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Human embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can differentiate into dopamine-producing neurons. The goal of transplantation is to replace the lost neurons and restore dopamine levels in the striatum, thereby alleviating motor symptoms. |
Aligns with the "Dopamine Replacement Strategy", a cornerstone of Parkinson’s research, which targets the root cause (neuronal loss) rather than symptoms. |
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| 12 |
Which animal was used to test the STEM-PD product for safety and efficacy?
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Monkeys |
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The STEM-PD product (a human embryonic stem cell-derived therapy for Parkinson’s disease) was tested in non-human primates (monkeys) to evaluate safety and efficacy before clinical trials in humans. |
The choice aligns with regulatory guidelines (e.g., FDA/EMA) requiring large-animal models to assess graft survival, integration, and behavioral outcomes before human trials. |
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| 13 |
What was the duration of the preclinical safety study in rats mentioned in the article?
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24 months |
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| 14 |
What is the name of the clinical trial phase mentioned for STEM-PD?
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Phase I/IIa |
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| 15 |
How is the STEM-PD product manufactured?
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Under GMP-compliant conditions |
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The STEM-PD product, as a clinical-grade cell therapy, must adhere to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards to ensure safety, consistency, and regulatory compliance. |
Regulatory agencies (EMA/FDA) mandate GMP for cell therapies to minimize batch variability and ensure patient safety. |
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| 16 |
According to the article, what confirmed the safety of the STEM-PD product in rats?
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There were no adverse effects or tumor formation. |
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The STEM-PD product underwent rigorous safety testing in rats to assess risks like tumorigenicity (uncontrolled cell growth) and systemic toxicity.
Results confirmed No tumor formation: The differentiated dopaminergic neurons did not proliferate abnormally. |
Regulatory guidelines (e.g., FDA/EMA) require absence of toxicity/tumors in animal models before human trials. |
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| 17 |
What key finding was noted in the efficacy study of STEM-PD in rats?
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Transplanted cells reversed motor deficits in rats. |
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Motor improvement : Grafted dopaminergic neurons integrated into the striatum, restoring dopamine levels and ameliorating motor symptoms (e.g., rotational behavior, limb use). |
The result aligns with the dopamine replacement hypothesis , where transplanted neurons compensate for lost function. |
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| 18 |
What specific markers were used to assess the purity of the STEM-PD batch?
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FOXA2 and OTX2 |
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The STEM-PD product quality is assessed using midbrain dopaminergic neuron-specific markers, critical for ensuring the differentiated cells are functionally appropriate for Parkinson’s therapy.
FOXA2 : A transcription factor essential for midbrain dopamine neuron development.
OTX2: Marks ventral midbrain progenitors, ensuring correct regional identity. |
FOXA2/OTX2 are gold-standard markers for ventral midbrain dopamine progenitors in cell therapy manufacturing (per Cell Stem Cell guidelines). |
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| 19 |
What role do growth factors like FGF8b and SHH play in the manufacturing process of STEM-PD?
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They are used in cell patterning for specific neural fates. |
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FGF8b** (Fibroblast Growth Factor 8b) and **SHH** (Sonic Hedgehog) are critical morphogens used to direct stem cells toward **midbrain dopaminergic neuron fate during differentiation.
FGF8b : Patterns the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, ensuring regional specificity for dopamine neuron development.
SHH : Ventralizes neural tissue, promoting the generation of ventral midbrain progenitors (precursors to dopamine neurons) |
Aligns with developmental biology principles : FGF8b and SHH replicate embryonic midbrain signaling to generate authentic dopamine neurons |
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| 20 |
What was a key outcome measured in the preclinical trials for efficacy in rats?
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Recovery of motor function |
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Primary Efficacy Endpoint in Preclinical Trials
- The key outcome measured in rat models of Parkinson’s disease was restoration of motor function, as STEM-PD aims to replace lost dopaminergic neurons and reverse movement deficits |
Aligns with the dopaminergic hypothesis of Parkinson’s, where motor dysfunction is directly linked to striatal dopamine loss (Nature Neuroscience, 2021). |
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