| 1 |
What is the primary function of AI in the medical imaging industry?
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To improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes |
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AI analyzes medical images quickly and accurately, helping doctors detect diseases early and improving treatment plans to reduce diagnostic errors. |
Technology improves patient care quality and health outcomes. References:Esteva, A., et al. (2019). A guide to deep learning in healthcare. |
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| 2 |
Which of the following is a key benefit of AI in radiology noted in the article?
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Acts as a second medical opinion |
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AI can assist in reviewing and confirming radiologists' diagnoses, reducing errors and increasing confidence in medical decisions. |
AI serves as a decision support system enhancing physicians’ diagnostic accuracy./ References:
Topol, E.J. (2019). Deep Medicine: How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again. |
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| 3 |
What does AI literacy refer to according to the article?
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Understanding and knowledge of AI technology |
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AI literacy refers to the ability to understand how AI works, its applications, and implications, enabling users to use the technology effectively and safely. |
Digital literacy includes understanding AI technology for mindful and effective use. References:
Long, D., & Magerko, B. (2020). What is AI Literacy? Competencies and Design Considerations. |
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| 4 |
Which factor is NOT listed as influencing the acceptability of AI among healthcare professionals?
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The color of the AI machines |
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The color of AI machines does not impact technology acceptance in healthcare. Key factors relate to trust, system understanding, and integration with workflows. |
Trust and understanding are key determinants of technology acceptance. References:
Davis, F.D. (1989). Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology. |
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| 5 |
What role does social influence play in AI acceptability in healthcare according to the article?
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Affects healthcare professionals’ decisions to use AI |
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Social influence, such as opinions from colleagues or experts, affects healthcare professionals’ beliefs and willingness to use AI in practice.
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Social influence affects individuals’ attitudes and behaviors toward adopting new technology.References:
Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. |
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| 6 |
What is a perceived threat regarding AI usage in healthcare settings?
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Concerns about replacing healthcare professionals |
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Some healthcare workers fear AI might replace jobs, affecting job security and causing psychological concern.
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Fear of job loss is a major barrier to accepting new technology.References:
Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F.D. (2000). A Theoretical Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model. |
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| 7 |
According to the article, what is essential for increasing AI acceptability among medical professionals?
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Designing human-centred AI systems |
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Human-centred AI systems consider healthcare professionals’ needs and workflows, making the technology easier to use and better integrated, thus increasing acceptance. |
User-centered design improves usability and satisfaction with technology.References:
Norman, D. (2013). The Design of Everyday Things. |
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| 8 |
What does the 'system usage' category of AI acceptability factors include according to the article?
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Factors like value proposition and integration with workflows |
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System usage depends not only on personal preferences but also on AI’s ability to add value and integrate smoothly with existing healthcare workflows. |
Perceived ease of use and usefulness influence technology acceptance.References:
Davis, F.D. (1989). Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology. |
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| 9 |
How does ethicality impact AI acceptability among healthcare professionals?
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Affects views on AI based on compatibility with professional values |
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Healthcare professionals prioritize ethics such as patient privacy and safety. If AI conflicts with these values, acceptance tends to decrease. |
Technology adoption decisions depend on alignment with ethical principles and personal values.References:
Jones, T.M. (1991). Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations. |
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| 10 |
What methodological approach did the article emphasize for future AI acceptability studies?
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Considering user experience and system integration deeply |
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The article highlights the importance of studying real user experiences and how AI integrates with existing workflows to improve adoption and acceptance. |
User-centered research helps understand real needs and challenges in technology use.References:
Norman, D. (2013). The Design of Everyday Things. |
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| 11 |
What is the primary objective of using human embryonic stem cells in treating Parkinson’s disease?
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To replace lost dopamine neurons. |
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Parkinson’s disease results from loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Human embryonic stem cells can differentiate into new dopamine neurons to replace the lost ones and help restore brain function. |
Stem cells can differentiate into specific cell types to replace damaged or lost cells.References:
Lindvall, O., & Kokaia, Z. (2010). Stem cells in human neurodegenerative disorders—time for clinical translation? The Journal of Clinical Investigation. |
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| 12 |
Which animal was used to test the STEM-PD product for safety and efficacy?
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Monkeys |
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Monkeys were chosen because their nervous system and brain closely resemble humans more than other animals. This makes safety and efficacy tests of STEM-PD more reliable and representative before human application.
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Structural and functional similarity of certain animal brains to humans makes them suitable for preclinical testing./ References:
National Research Council (US) Committee on Animal Models for Testing Neuroprotective Agents. (2004). Animal Models for Assessing Neuroprotective Agents for Stroke. |
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| 13 |
What was the duration of the preclinical safety study in rats mentioned in the article?
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6 months |
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The preclinical safety study in rats lasted about 6 months to assess the long-term effects of the STEM-PD product on health and safety before advancing to tests in other animals or humans.
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Animal testing is a crucial step before human trials to ensure product safety and efficacy.References:
FDA Guidance for Industry: Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Investigational Drugs (2020). |
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| 14 |
What is the name of the clinical trial phase mentioned for STEM-PD?
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Phase I/IIa |
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Phase I/IIa clinical trials combine initial safety testing with preliminary efficacy evaluation in a small group of patients. This phase assesses safety, physiological responses, and optimal treatment duration before larger trials.
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Clinical trial phases structure drug and treatment development to ensure safety and effectiveness step-by-step.References:
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2021). Clinical Trial Phases. |
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| 15 |
How is the STEM-PD product manufactured?
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Under GMP-compliant conditions |
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STEM-PD is manufactured under GMP conditions, which are strict quality standards to ensure safety, consistency, and high quality of the product before clinical use and treatment. |
GMP is a set of regulations that control manufacturing quality in pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries to ensure user safety.References:
World Health Organization (WHO). (2018). Guidelines on Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). |
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| 16 |
According to the article, what confirmed the safety of the STEM-PD product in rats?
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There was increased tumor formation. |
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The safety of STEM-PD was confirmed in rat studies by the absence of adverse effects and tumor formation, indicating the product does not cause tissue damage or cancer risk during the trial period. |
Preclinical safety testing in animals is a crucial step before human trials to prevent severe side effects. References:
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2021). Guidance for Industry: Preclinical Assessment of Investigational Cellular and Gene Therapy Products. |
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| 17 |
What key finding was noted in the efficacy study of STEM-PD in rats?
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Transplanted cells reversed motor deficits in rats. |
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The study showed that transplanted stem cells improved motor function deficits caused by Parkinson’s-like conditions in rats, demonstrating the efficacy of STEM-PD in restoring neural functions. |
Stem cell transplantation to replace damaged neurons is a therapeutic strategy for Parkinson’s disease. References:
Lindvall, O., & Kokaia, Z. (2010). Stem cells for the treatment of neurological disorders. Nature. |
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| 18 |
What specific markers were used to assess the purity of the STEM-PD batch?
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LMX1A and EN1 |
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LMX1A and EN1 are markers indicating the purity of stem cells developed into dopamine neurons, essential for Parkinson’s treatment. Checking these markers confirms that the cells in the batch have the desired characteristics without contamination from other cell types. |
Specific markers identify cell type and purity in stem cell differentiation toward specialized cells.References:Kriks, S. et al. (2011). Dopamine neurons derived from human ES cells efficiently engraft in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. Nature. |
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| 19 |
What role do growth factors like FGF8b and SHH play in the manufacturing process of STEM-PD?
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They are used in cell patterning for specific neural fates. |
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FGF8b and SHH are proteins that guide and pattern stem cells to differentiate into specific types of neurons, especially dopaminergic neurons, which is essential for producing an effective and precise STEM-PD product. |
Growth factors like FGF8b and SHH act as morphogen signals that determine cell fate during neural development.References:
Ohtsuka, M. et al. (2008). FGF8 and SHH signaling in neural development and stem cell differentiation. Developmental Biology. |
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| 20 |
What was a key outcome measured in the preclinical trials for efficacy in rats?
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