| 1 |
What is hybrid micellar liquid chromatography primarily used for in the study?
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To detect commonly used pesticides in vegetables. |
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Hybrid Micellar Liquid Chromatography (HMLC) has been widely used in the analysis of pharmaceutical preparations |
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| 2 |
Which pesticide was found most commonly in the vegetable samples?
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Imidacloprid |
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In recent years imidacloprid (ICP) an insecticide that belongs to the class of neonicotinoids (NN) is among the most commonly used in agriculture. The mode of action and chemical structure of ICP is similar to nicotine with a toxicity 700 folds lower than nicotine . Therefore ICP can be considered a good alternative for those pesticides which cause toxicity. |
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| 3 |
What percentage of the vegetable samples tested were found to contain no detectable pesticides?
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16% |
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pesticides liquids, granules or pellets are commonly applied on green leafy vegetables. Pesticides most commonly used by the vegetable growers are Calcron (PFF 50% EC), Dhanvan 20 (CPS 20% EC), Polytril P440 (PFF 40% + CP 4% EC), Nuvan (DCV 76% EC), Confidor 17.8 (ICP 17.80% SC). Apart from common pesticides, some of the other pesticides used by vegetable growers are indoxacarb, dimethoate, dichlorvos, and emamectin benzoate representing around 15% of the total pesticides used
ข้อ3 |
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| 4 |
Which of the following is NOT a reason for the use of hybrid micellar liquid chromatography (HMLC)?
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It is easy to handle. |
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| 5 |
What was the primary methodological change in the HMLC technique used in the study?
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Use of a micellar mobile phase with reduced solvent usage. |
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HPLC operates based on the principle of separating substances through a column packed with an adsorbent material (Stationary Phase) and using a solvent (Mobile Phase) to carry different substances through the column. Compounds with different chemical properties are separated and quantified using a detector, such as a UV-Vis Detector or Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). |
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| 6 |
According to the study, why might vegetable growers prefer other pesticides over Imidacloprid (ICP)?
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ICP has a higher environmental impact. |
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| 7 |
What is the major benefit of using ICP as a pesticide, according to the study?
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It is less toxic compared to many others. |
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| 8 |
What aspect of the pesticide detection method was focused on during the method validation phase?
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Verifying its ability to handle very large vegetable samples. |
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| 9 |
Considering the environmental impacts discussed, why is the HMLC method considered 'green'?
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It is funded by environmental organizations. |
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| 10 |
What is the importance of the photodiode array detector in the HMLC technique used in the study?
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It detects the presence of pesticides across a spectrum of wavelengths. |
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| 11 |
What is hyperthermia commonly used to treat?
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Cancer |
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| 12 |
Which method is used to apply heat directly to a tumor in local hyperthermia?
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Infrared radiation |
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| 13 |
What is the primary benefit of using hyperthermia in cancer treatment?
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It kills cancer cells with minimal damage to normal cells. |
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| 14 |
Hyperthermia is often used in combination with which of the following treatments?
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Radiotherapy and chemotherapy |
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| 15 |
What is the main challenge of using hyperthermia in cancer treatment?
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Reaching and maintaining the required temperature in the target area. |
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Hyperthermia is the condition in which the internal core temperature exceeds the normal range. Hyperthermia can be caused by infections, brain lesions, environmental conditions or heavy exercise. When caused by an infection, the responsible microorganisms release toxins called pyrogens into the bloodstream; on reaching the temperature control centers of the brain, they raise the thermal setpoint. This state, known as fever, is actually beneficial and is part of the immune system's response. Higher core temperatures adversely affect the invading microorganisms’ ability to replicate. This generally limits the extent of the infection and leads to its suppression.
In the older adult, the fever response is often diminished or absent, which may explain the increased morbidity and mortality rates associated with infections in the elderly (McCance & Huether 2001). When the ambient temperature rises above 30°C (86°F), progressive vasodilation of the cutaneous vasculature commences and is followed by sweating and evaporation (Gonzalez et al 2001). Factors such as high humidity and physical activity magnify the effects of ambient temperature, taxing the thermoregulatory mechanisms. This is an especially important factor in home healthcare when treating debilitated patients. Unlike fever, nonfebrile rises in body temperature are not beneficial and threaten homeostasis. If normal thermal regulation is impaired in any way, these increases can reach dangerous levels. At core temperatures above 40.7°C (106°F), heat stroke and irreversible brain damage become imminent (see Fig. 10.1). |
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| 16 |
Which type of hyperthermia involves heating a larger region or the whole body?
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Whole-body hyperthermia |
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| 17 |
What type of hyperthermia uses applicators inserted into or near a body cavity to deliver heat?
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Regional hyperthermia |
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| 18 |
What is a significant potential side effect of whole-body hyperthermia?
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Immediate tumor shrinkage |
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| 19 |
Considering the physics of heat transfer, why is controlling hyperthermia challenging during treatment?
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Heat naturally rises, making it difficult to target lower body tumors. |
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| 20 |
Why is hyperthermia considered a beneficial adjunct to radiotherapy and chemotherapy?
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It makes cancer cells more susceptible to other treatments. |
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