| 1 |
What is the primary function of AI in the medical imaging industry?
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To improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes |
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AI-powered automated image interpretation speeds up workflows, allowing radiologists to focus on complex cases and reducing diagnostic backlogs. |
This aligns with the AI-driven healthcare transformation model, which highlights the ability of AI to enhance clinical workflows, improve efficiency, and reduce diagnostic errors, ultimately benefiting patient care. |
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| 2 |
Which of the following is a key benefit of AI in radiology noted in the article?
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Acts as a second medical opinion |
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These systems help identify subtle abnormalities that may be missed by human radiologists, reducing misdiagnosis rates. |
This aligns with Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) Theory, which highlights the role of AI in augmenting human expertise to reduce errors, improve efficiency, and enhance patient outcomes. |
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| 3 |
What does AI literacy refer to according to the article?
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Understanding and knowledge of AI technology |
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The study suggests that higher AI literacy leads to better acceptance of AI in medical imaging, as professionals with a deeper understanding of AI are more likely to trust and effectively use AI-powered tools . |
This aligns with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which suggests that greater understanding of a technology improves user trust, perceived usefulness, and adoption rates. |
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| 4 |
Which factor is NOT listed as influencing the acceptability of AI among healthcare professionals?
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The color of the AI machines |
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System understanding – Healthcare professionals need a clear grasp of how AI functions and its limitations.
Technology receptiveness – Individual willingness to adopt new digital tools impacts AI adoption rates. |
This aligns with Technology Acceptance Models (TAM and UTAUT), which emphasize perceived usefulness, ease of use, and trust as primary factors driving AI adoption in healthcare settings. |
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| 5 |
What role does social influence play in AI acceptability in healthcare according to the article?
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Affects healthcare professionals’ decisions to use AI |
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If AI is encouraged and promoted by senior medical staff, adoption rates increase.
Conversely, if AI is viewed skeptically within a healthcare institution, professionals are less likely to integrate it into their workflows. |
This aligns with the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), which states that social influence plays a critical role in determining whether individuals adopt new technologies. |
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| 6 |
What is a perceived threat regarding AI usage in healthcare settings?
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Concerns about replacing healthcare professionals |
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AI systems in healthcare are increasingly being used for diagnostic imaging |
The scoping review by Hua et al. (2024) emphasizes that AI acceptability in medical imaging is significantly influenced by user trust, professional autonomy, and perceived threat to professional roles. Many healthcare workers fear that AI could devalue their expertise, reduce human oversight, or automate tasks traditionally requiring medical judgment, leading to resistance in adoption . |
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| 7 |
According to the article, what is essential for increasing AI acceptability among medical professionals?
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Designing human-centred AI systems |
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This means AI systems should be designed to be accessible to users with varying levels of AI literacy, integrate smoothly into clinical workflows, and align with institutional, cultural, ethical, and safety norms. |
This aligns with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Human-Centred Design (HCD) principles, which stress that usability, perceived usefulness, and ease of integration are essential for adoption. |
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| 8 |
What does the 'system usage' category of AI acceptability factors include according to the article?
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Factors like value proposition and integration with workflows |
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Workflow Integration – How well AI fits into existing medical workflows without disrupting the clinical process. |
This aligns with the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which suggest that perceived usefulness and ease of integration are critical for the adoption of AI. The article emphasizes that healthcare professionals are more likely to accept AI when it adds clear value and integrates smoothly into their workflows . |
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| 9 |
How does ethicality impact AI acceptability among healthcare professionals?
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Affects views on AI based on compatibility with professional values |
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Alignment with Medical Ethics – AI should support, not undermine, the professional values of healthcare workers . |
If AI systems fail to meet ethical standards, professionals may resist adoption, fearing negative consequences for patient care and professional integrity . |
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| 10 |
What methodological approach did the article emphasize for future AI acceptability studies?
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Considering user experience and system integration deeply |
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Mixed-Methods Approach – Combining quantitative (e.g., surveys, performance metrics) and qualitative (e.g., interviews, observational studies) methodologies to gain a comprehensive understanding of AI acceptability. |
This aligns with Human-Centered Design (HCD) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which suggest that usability, workflow integration, and professional trust are key factors in AI adoption. |
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| 11 |
What is the primary objective of using human embryonic stem cells in treating Parkinson’s disease?
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To replace lost dopamine neurons. |
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The primary objective of using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in treating Parkinson’s disease (PD) is to replace lost dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. |
The concept of dopaminergic cell replacement therapy is based on previous successful preclinical studies, which demonstrated that hESC-derived dopamine neurons can integrate into the host brain, survive long-term, and restore motor function. |
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| 12 |
Which animal was used to test the STEM-PD product for safety and efficacy?
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Rats |
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Biodistribution – Confirming that transplanted dopamine neurons remained localized to the intended brain region. |
deal model for testing cell-based therapies. The study found that STEM-PD cells successfully integrated, survived long-term, and restored motor function in rats .
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| 13 |
What was the duration of the preclinical safety study in rats mentioned in the article?
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9 months |
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Biodistribution – Confirming that transplanted cells remained within the intended brain region. |
Long-term preclinical studies are essential in regenerative medicine to evaluate safety, efficacy, and potential risks before human trials. |
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| 14 |
What is the name of the clinical trial phase mentioned for STEM-PD?
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Phase I/IIa |
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Primary Objective – Evaluate safety and tolerability at 12 months post-transplantation. |
Phase I/IIa trials are early-stage clinical studies that focus on safety while gathering preliminary efficacy data. |
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| 15 |
How is the STEM-PD product manufactured?
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Under GMP-compliant conditions |
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Differentiation Protocol – Cells undergo a 16-day directed differentiation process using a stepwise exposure to growth factors like Noggin, SHH, and FGF8b to generate dopaminergic progenitors. |
Manufacturing under GMP standards is essential for cell-based therapies, ensuring that stem-cell-derived products meet regulatory requirements for safety and efficacy. |
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| 16 |
According to the article, what confirmed the safety of the STEM-PD product in rats?
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There were no adverse effects or tumor formation. |
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No Biodistribution Outside Brain – PCR analysis showed that no human cells migrated outside of the transplant site . |
The Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) safety study followed strict regulatory guidelines to confirm safety and stability before advancing to human clinical trials. This aligns with current standards in regenerative medicine, ensuring cell-based therapies are safe, non-tumorigenic, and localized . |
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| 17 |
What key finding was noted in the efficacy study of STEM-PD in rats?
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Transplanted cells reversed motor deficits in rats. |
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Dose-Dependent Efficacy – The highest-dose group (120K STEM-PD cells) achieved full recovery, while even lower-dose groups showed significant motor improvement . |
This aligns with dopaminergic cell replacement therapy principles, which suggest that functional DA neuron integration can restore lost motor function in Parkinson’s disease models. The study confirmed that STEM-PD transplants led to robust DAergic innervation and behavioral recovery, validating their therapeutic potential . |
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| 18 |
What specific markers were used to assess the purity of the STEM-PD batch?
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FOXA2 and OTX2 |
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Pluripotency Markers (OCT4, NANOG) – The presence of undifferentiated stem cells was monitored to be ≤0.1% to prevent teratoma formation . |
FOXA2 and OTX2 are definitive markers of ventral midbrain DA progenitors, critical for producing functional dopaminergic neurons. |
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| 19 |
What role do growth factors like FGF8b and SHH play in the manufacturing process of STEM-PD?
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They are used in cell patterning for specific neural fates. |
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SHH is crucial for specifying ventral midbrain progenitors by inducing the expression of FOXA2, a key marker for dopaminergic neuron development. |
This approach follows developmental biology principles, where SHH and FGF8b are known to drive dopaminergic neuron specification in the embryonic midbrain. |
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| 20 |
What was a key outcome measured in the preclinical trials for efficacy in rats?
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Recovery of motor function |
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Amphetamine-Induced Rotation Test – Used to measure motor asymmetry in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned Parkinson’s disease rats before and after transplantation. |
This finding supports the dopaminergic cell replacement therapy concept, where functional dopaminergic neuron grafts restore deficient dopamine levels in the striatum, leading to motor improvement. |
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