| 1 |
What is the primary function of AI in the medical imaging industry?
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To improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes |
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Diagnostic accuracy: AI can analyze medical images faster and in much greater detail than humans, especially in detecting complex or minor abnormalities that may be overlooked by the human eye. More accurate diagnoses allow doctors to plan appropriate and timely treatments.
Productivity Improvement: AI reduces the time it takes to analyze medical images, allowing doctors to provide more care to patients and allowing patients to be diagnosed and treated faster.
Discovering new patterns: AI can discover patterns and relationships in large amounts of medical data, which could lead to the discovery of new diseases or more effective treatments.
Improving patient care: AI can help doctors continuously monitor patients’ symptoms and can warn doctors of potential risks in advance, allowing doctors to provide closer and more effective care to patients. |
Machine Learning: A branch of AI that deals with developing computer systems that can automatically learn and improve their performance based on the data they receive.
Deep Learning: It is a branch of Machine Learning that uses artificial neural networks to learn complex patterns in large amounts of data.
Computer Vision: A branch of AI that deals with developing computer systems that can understand and interpret images and videos. |
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| 2 |
Which of the following is a key benefit of AI in radiology noted in the article?
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Acts as a second medical opinion |
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Based on the information you provided regarding the article discussing the benefits of AI in radiology diagnosis, the statements "AI helps improve the efficiency of radiologists' work" and "AI can reduce radiologists' workload by 20-40% by helping screen for abnormal X-rays" support the conclusion that AI acts as a physician assistant or a second medical opinion in analyzing X-ray images. |
Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI is being developed to mimic the human ability to learn, reason, and solve problems, and in this case, AI is being used to analyze medical images.
Machine Learning: A branch of AI that deals with developing computer systems to learn from data without direct programming, which is the foundation for developing AI for medical image analysis.
Deep Learning: A subset of Machine Learning that uses artificial neural networks to learn from complex data, such as medical images. Deep Learning enables AI to learn specific characteristics of diseases with great accuracy. |
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| 3 |
What does AI literacy refer to according to the article?
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Understanding and knowledge of AI technology |
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From the questions given and the general understanding of "AI Literacy", the most direct answer is "understanding and knowledge about AI technology" because AI Literacy means the ability to understand the basics of artificial intelligence, including how it works, basic principles, advantages, disadvantages, and possible impacts, including knowing various AI technologies and being able to apply them appropriately. |
Definition of AI Literacy: The concept of AI literacy stems from the recognition that in an era where AI plays an increasingly important role, people need to have basic knowledge about AI in order to make decisions, use, and coexist effectively with this technology.
21st Century Skills: AI Literacy is one of the key skills needed in the 21st century, along with other skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, communication, and collaboration. |
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| 4 |
Which factor is NOT listed as influencing the acceptability of AI among healthcare professionals?
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The color of the AI machines |
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Irrelevant to performance: Machine color is a visible physical factor, but it is not directly related to AI performance or system functionality.
Other Psychological Factors More Important: Other factors such as trust, integration with work, understanding and receptiveness to technology are all psychological factors that influence people's decision to accept new technologies more.
Technical factors: Factors related to AI performance such as accuracy, reliability, and adaptability to different situations are more important than physical factors such as color. |
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM): This theory emphasizes the importance of the user's belief that a technology is easy to use and useful in deciding to adopt it.
Theory of Planned Behavior: This theory suggests that individual behavior is influenced by intentions, which arise from beliefs about the expected consequences of that behavior.
Color Psychology: While color does not directly affect AI performance, it can affect users’ moods and feelings, which can affect their perception and acceptance of the technology to some extent. |
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| 5 |
What role does social influence play in AI acceptability in healthcare according to the article?
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Affects healthcare professionals’ decisions to use AI |
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Social influences directly affect personal decisions: Physicians are human too. They are influenced by their colleagues, experts in the field, professional organizations, and even public opinion when deciding to incorporate new technologies such as AI into their practice.
Trust and credibility: If other physicians in their network have positive reviews of AI or have implemented AI with success, other physicians will be more likely to accept and implement AI as well.
Risk perception: Social influence can help reduce anxiety and uncertainty about using AI in patient care, allowing physicians to feel more confident in adopting AI.
Learning and Development: Sharing ideas and experiences with colleagues who use AI can help physicians learn how to use AI effectively and improve their practice. |
Social Learning Theory: This theory states that individuals learn new behaviors through observing and imitating the behavior of others, particularly those they respect or have high social status with.
Social Comparison Theory: This theory states that people tend to compare themselves to others to assess their own worth and abilities. These comparisons influence a person's decisions and behavior.
Diffusion of Innovation Theory: This theory studies the process by which new innovations spread among individuals, social groups, or organizations. Social influence is an important factor affecting the rate at which innovations are adopted. |
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| 6 |
What is a perceived threat regarding AI usage in healthcare settings?
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Concerns about replacing healthcare professionals |
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A major concern about the use of AI in healthcare is the fear that it will replace medical personnel, a common concern when new technologies are introduced to any sector that involves human labor.
The reasons for this concern are as follows:
Automation: AI can perform many tasks that were previously performed by humans, such as analyzing medical data, diagnosing certain diseases, and providing basic advice to patients, raising questions about whether healthcare professionals will still be needed.
Efficiency: AI can perform tasks faster and more accurately than humans in many areas, raising concerns that AI could completely replace humans.
Cost: Using AI may help reduce healthcare costs in the long run, but in the short term, it may require significant investments in system development and staff training, raising concerns that AI adoption will impact employment. |
Technological displacement theory: This theory states that new technologies can replace human labor, creating unemployment.
Adaptation theory: This theory states that humans can adapt to technological changes and that technology will create new jobs to replace lost jobs. |
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| 7 |
According to the article, what is essential for increasing AI acceptability among medical professionals?
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Designing human-centred AI systems |
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Trust is key: Healthcare practitioners need to trust AI systems before they can be used to care for patients. Designing AI systems that understand and respond to human needs can help build trust and confidence.
Collaboration: Good AI systems should be tools that complement human capabilities, not replace them. Designing systems that are easy to use and understand by humans will promote effective collaboration between humans and AI.
Safety and Ethics: Designing AI systems with safety and ethics in mind is crucial for medical applications. Reducing the risk of errors and protecting personal data will help build confidence among patients and healthcare practitioners. |
Human-Centered Design: It is a design process that focuses on understanding users and creating products or services that meet their needs and behaviors.
Trust in Technology: Building trust in technology involves a number of factors, such as transparency, reliability, and user experience.
Human-AI Collaboration: Collaboration between humans and AI to improve work efficiency and solve complex problems. |
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| 8 |
What does the 'system usage' category of AI acceptability factors include according to the article?
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Factors like value proposition and integration with workflows |
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Value proposition: Refers to the value that AI brings, such as increased work efficiency, diagnostic accuracy, or cost reduction, which are important factors influencing the decision to use AI.
Integration with workflows: Refers to the ability of AI to seamlessly integrate with existing systems and processes, a factor that affects ease of use and user acceptance.
Reasons for not choosing other options:
User's personal preferences only: This factor only covers a portion of the factors that influence AI adoption, but does not cover other important factors such as the benefits to the organization.
The geographical location of the healthcare facility: This factor affects access to technology and regulations, but is not directly related to the use of AI systems.
The age and experience of the healthcare professionals: This factor affects attitude and adaptability, but does not explain the characteristics of the AI system itself.
Type of medical insurance available: This factor is more related to access to medical care than AI usage. |
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM): A theory used to explain the factors that influence the acceptance of new technologies, focusing on beliefs about the usefulness and ease of use of the technology.
Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT): This theory is developed from TAM by adding other factors such as use intention, belief in control, and social influence. |
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| 9 |
How does ethicality impact AI acceptability among healthcare professionals?
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Affects views on AI based on compatibility with professional values |
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The connection between ethics and professional values: Healthcare practitioners place a high value on medical ethics, such as patient focus, confidentiality, and acting in the public interest. When AI technology is involved, practitioners will consider whether the AI aligns with these ethical principles. If the AI can be shown to be developed with ethical considerations in mind, it will be more trusted and accepted by practitioners.
Ethical concerns: The use of AI in medicine may raise a number of ethical concerns, such as data privacy, the risk of discrimination, and liability if mistakes are made. Entrepreneurs will need to ensure that the AI they use is transparent, accountable, and has mechanisms to control these risks.
Trust in the technology: Trust in the ethics of AI will directly affect the trust that entrepreneurs have in the technology. If AI lacks ethical credibility, entrepreneurs will be hesitant to use it. |
Computer Ethics: Study ethical issues related to computer technology, including AI.
Medical Ethics: Study of ethical principles used in medical practice.
Trust in Technology: A study of the factors that influence people's trust in technology. |
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| 10 |
What methodological approach did the article emphasize for future AI acceptability studies?
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Considering user experience and system integration deeply |
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Of the given options, this one is consistent with current trends in technology acceptance studies, particularly in the areas of AI that have been successfully implemented in real-world applications, where the focus is on user-centered design and seamless integration of AI systems into existing systems. |
echnology Acceptance Model (TAM): This theory emphasizes the importance of the belief that a technology is easy to use and useful to users in deciding to accept it.
Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT): This theory extends the TAM by adding additional factors such as social characteristics, use intention, and facilitating conditions.
User-centered design: This concept focuses on designing a product or service based primarily on the needs and capabilities of the user. |
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| 11 |
What is the primary objective of using human embryonic stem cells in treating Parkinson’s disease?
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To replace lost dopamine neurons. |
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Parkinson's disease: Caused by the death of dopamine neurons in the part of the brain that controls movement, causing symptoms of tremor, muscle rigidity, rigidity, slowness, and impaired balance.
Embryonic stem cells: have the potential to develop into various cell types, including dopaminergic neurons.
Treatment: By transplanting developed stem cells into dopaminergic neurons to replace dead cells to restore dopamine production and relieve symptoms of the disease. |
Stem Cell Theory: Stem cells are cells that have the potential to divide and develop into different types of cells in the body.
Mechanism of neuronal death: In Parkinson's disease, dopaminergic neurons die due to factors such as the accumulation of abnormal proteins.
Cell transplantation: Cell transplantation is a technique used to treat various diseases by transplanting healthy cells to replace damaged cells. |
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| 12 |
Which animal was used to test the STEM-PD product for safety and efficacy?
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Rats |
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STEM-PD Products: It is not specified what STEM-PD products are, what their features are, and what they are intended for.
Experiments: Information about the experiments, such as the duration of the experiment, the doses used in the experiment, the sample groups, and the testing methods, are not disclosed.
Regulations: The selection of experimental animals will depend on the regulations and rules of each country and relevant organization, which may vary from case to case. |
Scientific Principles: Scientific experiments must rely on accepted scientific principles, such as controlling variables, replication, and statistical analysis of data.
Ethical Principles: Animal testing must comply with the ethical principles of animal testing, which focus on minimizing pain and suffering to animals.
Laws and Regulations: Scientific experiments must comply with relevant laws and regulations, such as animal protection laws. |
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| 13 |
What was the duration of the preclinical safety study in rats mentioned in the article?
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6 months |
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การศึกษาความปลอดภัยพรีคลินิกทั่วไปในหนูใช้เวลา 6 เดือน
ระยะเวลานี้ทำให้สามารถประเมินประวัติความปลอดภัยของผลิตภัณฑ์ได้อย่างครอบคลุม รวมถึงผลกระทบที่อาจเกิดขึ้นในระยะสั้นและระยะยาว |
เป็นแนวทางทั่วไป และระยะเวลาที่เฉพาะเจาะจงอาจแตกต่างกันไปขึ้นอยู่กับลักษณะของผลิตภัณฑ์และข้อกำหนดด้านกฎระเบียบ |
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| 14 |
What is the name of the clinical trial phase mentioned for STEM-PD?
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Phase I/IIa |
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STEM-PD is an acronym that can have multiple meanings depending on the medical context in which it is used. If STEM-PD refers to a disease or condition that is still in the early stages of drug or treatment development, then a Phase I/IIa trial is most likely.
Phase I/IIa is a combination of phase I and part of phase II in clinical trials, focused on assessing the initial safety and efficacy of a new drug or treatment in a small group of patients.
Reasons for choosing Phase I/IIa:
Early stages of drug development: For new diseases or conditions, trials often start at lower stages before expanding to higher stages.
Preliminary safety and efficacy assessment: Phase I/IIa allows researchers to gather preliminary data on the safety and effectiveness of a new treatment, which is important for deciding how to develop that treatment further.
Small patient groups: Trials in this phase often use small patient groups to minimize potential risk to patients. |
Statistical Principles: Each phase of clinical trial design relies on statistical principles for sample size calculation and data analysis to produce reliable results.
Medical principles: Conducting a clinical trial must adhere to relevant medical principles, such as prioritizing patient safety, obtaining informed consent, and adhering to research ethics. |
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| 15 |
How is the STEM-PD product manufactured?
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Under GMP-compliant conditions |
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GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice): is a strict international manufacturing standard that defines the production process from raw material selection, production, quality control, to packaging and storage to ensure that products are safe and of quality that meets the specified standards.
Cell therapy products: such as STEM-PD, which are used in the treatment of diseases, must be produced under GMP conditions to ensure that the transplanted cells are pure, sterile, and of the utmost safety for patients.
The importance of GMP in STEM-PD production:
Safety: Compliance with GMP reduces the risk of contamination by pathogens or other contaminants that may cause harm to patients.
Efficiency: Strict control of the manufacturing process ensures consistent quality and effective treatment.
Laws and Regulations: Manufacturing of cell therapy products requires regulatory approval, and compliance with GMP is a key requirement for licensing. |
GMP Principles: These are the principles used in the production of pharmaceuticals and biological products worldwide.
Principles of cell culture: the basis for the production of cell therapy products
Biological Product Laws and Regulations: Establish standards and procedures for the manufacture and control of cell therapy products. |
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| 16 |
According to the article, what confirmed the safety of the STEM-PD product in rats?
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There were no adverse effects or tumor formation. |
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ป็นแนวทางทั่วไป และระยะเวลาที่เฉพาะเจาะจงอาจแตกต่างกันไปขึ้นอยู่กับลักษณะของผลิตภัณฑ์และข้อกำหนดด้านกฎระเบียบ |
เป็นการค้นพบที่สำคัญในการศึกษาพรีคลินิก เนื่องจากเป็นการบ่งชี้ว่าผลิตภัณฑ์สามารถทนต่อได้ดีและไม่ก่อให้เกิดความเสี่ยงที่มีนัยสำคัญต่อสิ่งมีชีวิต |
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| 17 |
What key finding was noted in the efficacy study of STEM-PD in rats?
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Transplanted cells reversed motor deficits in rats. |
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Desired outcome: In stem cell transplantation-based efficacy studies (STEM-PD), the primary goal is to improve symptoms of diseases such as Parkinson's disease, where motor impairment is the main symptom. The ability of transplanted cells to reverse these impairments is an important outcome indicating the effectiveness of this treatment method.
Mechanism of action: Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into various cell types, including dopaminergic neurons, which are important in controlling movement. When stem cells are transplanted into areas lacking dopaminergic neurons, they are more likely to develop into dopaminergic neurons and help restore lost neural function.
Eliminating other options:
No cells survive: If no cells survive, no effect will occur in the mice.
Cells cannot differentiate into dopaminergic neurons: Although not all cells differentiate into dopaminergic neurons, it is possible that there are other cell types that can aid in their regeneration.
Cells show migration to undesired areas: Cell migration can affect the outcome, but it does not always mean that the treatment has failed.
Transplanted cells increase cognitive impairment: This result contradicts the goal of treatment |
Stem Cell Potential: Stem cells have the potential to divide and differentiate into different cell types, which is the basis for using stem cells to treat various diseases.
Mechanism of action of dopaminergic neurons: Dopaminergic neurons are important in controlling movement. Deficiency of dopaminergic neurons is the main cause of Parkinson's disease.
Cell transplantation: Cell transplantation is a treatment method used to replace lost or malfunctioning cells. |
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| 18 |
What specific markers were used to assess the purity of the STEM-PD batch?
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GIRK2 and ALDH1A1 |
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เป็นเครื่องหมายเฉพาะที่ใช้ในการประเมินความบริสุทธิ์ของชุด STEM-PD |
เครื่องหมายเหล่านี้เกี่ยวข้องกับเซลล์ประสาทโดปามิเนอร์จิค เพื่อให้มั่นใจว่าจำนวนเซลล์จะเต็มไปด้วยประเภทเซลล์ที่ต้องการ |
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| 19 |
What role do growth factors like FGF8b and SHH play in the manufacturing process of STEM-PD?
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They are used in cell patterning for specific neural fates. |
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พวกมันถูกใช้ในการสร้างรูปแบบเซลล์สำหรับชะตากรรมของระบบประสาทโดยเฉพาะ จะถูกนำมาใช้เพื่อส่งเสริมความแตกต่างของเซลล์ต้นกำเนิด |
ปัจจัยการเจริญเติบโตเช่น FGF8b และ SHH มีความสำคัญอย่างยิ่งในการชี้แนะความแตกต่างของเซลล์ต้นกำเนิดเป็นเซลล์ประเภทเฉพาะ ในบริบทของการผลิต STEM-PD พวกมันจะถูกนำมาใช้เพื่อส่งเสริมความแตกต่างของเซลล์ต้นกำเนิดให้เป็นเซลล์ประสาทที่สร้างโดปามีน |
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| 20 |
What was a key outcome measured in the preclinical trials for efficacy in rats?
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Recovery of motor function |
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การฟื้นฟูการทำงานของกล้ามเนื้อเป็นผลลัพธ์ที่วัดได้และมีความสำคัญในการประเมินประสิทธิภาพของสารหรือการรักษาในการรักษาโรคต่างๆ ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการสูญเสียการทำงานของกล้ามเนื้อ การเลือกคำตอบนี้สอดคล้องกับหลักการทางวิทยาศาสตร์และเป้าหมายของการวิจัยทางการแพทย์ |
การเกิดใหม่ของเซลล์ประสาท เกี่ยวข้องกับกระบวนการที่ร่างกายสามารถซ่อมแซมและสร้างเซลล์ประสาทใหม่ได้ ซึ่งมีความสำคัญในการฟื้นฟูการทำงานของกล้ามเนื้อหลังจากได้รับความเสียหาย เภสัชวิทยา และผลกระทบต่อร่างกาย ซึ่งเป็นพื้นฐานในการพัฒนายาใหม่เพื่อรักษาโรคต่างๆ |
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