| 1 |
Which factor is considered a major driver of land cover change contributing to landslides in the Chattogram District?
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Heavy snowfall |
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The temperature of the study area ranges from min. -5 °C in winters |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023106323#sec4
3.5 accuracy of the map |
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| 2 |
What does the ROC value for a model indicate in the context of this study?
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The accuracy of the model in predicting landslide susceptibility |
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The success and prediction rate of the model for landslide occurrence and non-occurrence was determined using the area under the ROC curve (AUC of ROC) The cut value of AUC is 0.5 indicating a model is fit, and rising AUC values improve model quality. Values under 0.5, however, reflect a random fit. In landslide susceptibility mapping research, model validation is commonly performed by both success rate and prediction rate curves |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023106323#sec4
3.5 accuracy of the map |
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| 3 |
According to the study, what percentage of the Chattogram District's area is highly susceptible to landslides?
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9-12% |
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According to the results, DRT produces the most realistic landslide susceptibility map for Chattogram District. According to the models, almost 9–12 % of areas of the Chattogram district are highly susceptible to landslides mainly covering the hilly areas |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023106323#sec4
4.conclusion |
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| 4 |
How are the logistic regression model's coefficients used in landslide susceptibility mapping?
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To reflect the contributions of each factor affecting landslides |
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The logistic regression model predicts the dependent variable by using a group of independent variables. The dependent variable is always binary or dichotomous (0 and 1) |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023106323#bib83
2.10. Logistic regression |
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| 5 |
What is the importance of the Stream Density factor according to the Random Forest model in the document?
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The least important among the listed factors |
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Random Forest classifier creates many decision trees for a dataset
using different subsets of the data
A collection of random variables were split from the main dataset on which the tree of the Random Forest depends
The RF is a well-known method found in many literatures and it has high performance in landslide susceptibility mapping. It has a number of benefits, including (1) Its non-parametric nature base; (2) Its ability to assess the significance of variables used; (3) the algorithm can estimate the missing values in the dataset; and (4) It has the capability of regression, classification, and unsupervised learning |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023106323#bib83
2.11. Random forest
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| 6 |
According to the document, which machine learning model showed the highest success rate in training data?
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Logistic Regression |
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To engage the weights of the conditioning factors either the specific equation was followed such as for the logistic regression model or conditional maps were combined such as for the decision and regression tree model. |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023106323#bib83
3. Results and discussions
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| 7 |
What is the primary geological characteristic of the Chattogram District that contributes to landslide susceptibility?
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Dense urban construction with little vegetation |
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the whole area is morphologically active and the morphologic activity is driven by a combination of multiple factors. The hilly areas are at high risk to the environment and people as the landfall, flow, slide or topple from high elevated area |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023106323#sec4
3.7. Cause of landslide in the study area |
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| 8 |
How do land use and land cover (LULC) changes influence landslide occurrences in the Chattogram District?
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They have no significant impact on landslide occurrences |
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Human interventions such as LULC and road construction have a minor impact compared to other factors |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023106323#sec4
4. conclusion |
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| 9 |
What percentage of total variance is explained by the first factor in the factor analysis discussed in the document?
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19.06% |
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Factor 1 explains 19.06 % of the total variance. Chemical fertilizer applications integrated with manure can be made ecologically and economically more effective by increasing the awareness levels on sustainable manure utilization and nutrient management of farmers at the integrated farming in the study region. |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S294975072300041X
abstract |
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| 10 |
According to the factor analysis, which factor is related to the cost and sufficiency of manure?
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Factor 3: Correlation between manure sufficiency and expenses (cost) |
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This factor explains 9.75 % of the total variance. Factor 3 was observed to be related to the variables of A3, A12, A15. It was calculated that the farmers save 800,60 TL/ hectare (1 USD dollar = 6,12 Turkish Lira (TL)) when they utilize manure integrated chemical fertilizer. |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S294975072300041X#s0030
result and discussion |
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| 11 |
According to the factor analysis, which factor is related to the cost and sufficiency of manure?
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Factor 3: Correlation between manure sufficiency and expenses (cost) |
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This factor explains 9.75 % of the total variance. Factor 3 was observed to be related to the variables of A3, A12, A15. It was calculated that the farmers save 800,60 TL/ hectare (1 USD dollar = 6,12 Turkish Lira (TL)) when they utilize manure integrated chemical fertilizer. |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S294975072300041X#s0030
result and discussion |
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| 12 |
What is the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy reported in the document?
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0.607 |
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As can be seen in
Table 4
, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test (KMO) value statistics were calculated as 0.607. This is an indication that the variables identified can be used for factor analysis. In addition, 4 variables were excluded to increase the reliability of the analysis. For each excluded variable, transformation to the first judgement was applied for factor analysis until all judgments are in accordance. |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S294975072300041X#s0005 |
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| 13 |
Which of the following statements best describes the contribution of Factor 2 in the factor analysis?
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It is related to soil analysis and plant nutrient utilization. |
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this factor is related to the use of crop nutrients to meet the requirement of the soil and the crop. Factor 2 was observed to be related to the variables of A13, A14, A17
conducted a study a result of which it was indicated that the manure obtained from dairy farming can be used economically instead of chemical fertilizer in plant production due to its nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content. |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S294975072300041X#s0030
Result and discussion |
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| 14 |
Which factor is primarily associated with limitations in the utilization of chemical fertilizer and manure according to the document?
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Factor 4 |
|
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S294975072300041X#s0030
Result and discussion |
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| 15 |
What is the percentage of variance explained by all four factors together?
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51.295% |
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hese 4 factors explain 51.29 % of the total variance. |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S294975072300041X#ab010
abstract |
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| 16 |
What is the highest mean value for the propositions used in the factor analysis, according to the document?
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2.814 |
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2.814 is the highest number according to table |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S294975072300041X#s0030
table 3 |
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| 17 |
What was the minimum magnitude for the factor loads considered for interpreting the analysis results in the factor analysis?
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0.30 |
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Factor load is a coefficient that explains the correlation between the items and the factors. The factor loads for the variables that explain the factors are expected to be high. To state that an item is good at measuring a factor, the factor load value should be 0.30 or above. Negative factor loads should also be taken into consideration when naming a factor in addition to the positive factor loads above 0.30.the minimum magnitude of the factor loads should be 0.30 |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S294975072300041X#s0030
table 6 |
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| 18 |
According to the document, how many factors were initially considered before deciding on the final number?
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4 |
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A total of 4 factors were identified based on the factor analysis results by considering the variance and additive variance criteria |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S294975072300041X#s0030 |
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| 19 |
Which method was used for rotation in the factor analysis described in the document?
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Orthomax |
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The present study aimed to carry out a factor analysis on the utilization of sustainable manure by the farmers in integrated farming where dairy farming and crop production are conducted. It was concluded as a result of factor analysis that 4 factors are effective in the explanation of the sustainability of the utilization of manure integrated with chemical fertilizer which are; (a) Chemical fertilizer and manure utilization level and efficiency perception, (b) Soil analysis and crop nutrient utilization, (c) Correlation between manure sufficiency and expenses (cost) and (d) Limitations in chemical fertilizer and manure utilization. |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S294975072300041X#s0030
conclusions |
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| 20 |
Based on the factor analysis, how is Factor 1 defined in the document?
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Chemical fertilizer and manure utilization level and efficiency perception |
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his factor explains 19.06 % of the total variance. It is related to the farmers determining the amount of chemical fertilizer and manure to be used based on their experiences, application in the field and the impacts of manure on yield. It can be concluded based on the level of knowledge of the farmers on the utilization of manure that the amount of manure and its application in the field is directly related to yield. In other words, it is considered that the utilization of manure is directly effective on the sustainability of the yield of the fields. |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S294975072300041X#s0030
Result and discussion |
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