| 1 |
จุดสนใจหลักของคณะทำงานด้านหลักฐานทางคลินิกเกี่ยวกับโรคโควิด-19 แห่งชาติของออสเตรเลียคืออะไร
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การศึกษาทางระบาดวิทยา |
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A mixed-methods impact evaluation was conducted. Surveys collected both quantitative and qualitative data and were supplemented with qualitative interviews. Participants included Australian healthcare practitioners providing care to individuals with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 and people involved in policy-making. Data were collected on awareness, use, impact, strengths, and opportunities for improvement of the guidelines and flow charts. |
Study Design and Setting
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| 2 |
สาระสำคัญของแนวทางการดำเนินชีวิตตามบทความนี้คืออะไร
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หลักฐานที่อัปเดตอย่างต่อเนื่อง |
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way research is conducted and used to support decision-making in health. Clinicians and decision-makers dealing with great uncertainty have required up-to-date summaries of the latest evidence from research in a significantly accelerated timeline. With the need for timely and trustworthy advice, living guidelines, underpinned by living systematic reviews, have emerged as an approach to meet this need. Living guidelines are a relatively new concept [[1], [2], [3], [4], [5]], producing and maintaining rigorous and up-to-date evidence summaries in an accelerated timeframe to ensure clinicians and decision-makers can draw on all the available evidence to guide policy and practice [6]. Living guidelines require rapid prioritization of areas where guidance is needed, continued evidence surveillance, and frequent updating of recommendations [5]. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the potential for living guidelines to inform practice and policy, resulting in the development of a number of COVID-19–specific living guidelines [[7], [8], [9]]. As living guidelines are a relatively new approach, more work is required to determine how to optimize the use of living evidence approaches to inform practice, policy, and decision-making. It is also vital to understand the characteristics of the development and dissemination of living guidelines which facilitate or impede living evidence translation, implementation, and impact. |
1. Introduction
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การปรับปรุงการประเมินผลกระทบเมื่อใด
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มกราคมและมีนาคม 2565 |
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A total of 148 participants completed the survey and 21 people were interviewed between January and March 2022. Awareness of the work of the Taskforce was high and more than 75% of participants reported that the guidelines were used within their workplace. Participants described the Taskforce website and guidelines as trustworthy, valuable, and reliable sources of up-to-date evidence-based information. The evaluation highlighted the varied ways the guidelines were being used across a range of settings and the diverse impacts they have from those at a clinical level to impacts at a policy level. Barriers to and enablers of impact and uptake of the guideline were explored. |
Results |
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| 4 |
ผู้เข้าร่วมร้อยละเท่าใดที่รายงานว่าใช้แนวทางปฏิบัติภายในสถานที่ทำงานของตน
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75% |
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A total of 148 participants completed the survey and 21 people were interviewed between January and March 2022. Awareness of the work of the Taskforce was high and more than 75% of participants reported that the guidelines were used within their workplace. Participants described the Taskforce website and guidelines as trustworthy, valuable, and reliable sources of up-to-date evidence-based information. The evaluation highlighted the varied ways the guidelines were being used across a range of settings and the diverse impacts they have from those at a clinical level to impacts at a policy level. Barriers to and enablers of impact and uptake of the guideline were explored. |
Results |
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| 5 |
เขียนอธิบาย | อภิปรายถึงความสำคัญของแนวปฏิบัติในการดำเนินชีวิตในช่วงที่มีฐานหลักฐานที่เปลี่ยนแปลงอย่างรวดเร็วและขยายตัวในบริบทของการแพร่ระบาด แนวปฏิบัติในการดำเนินชีวิตจัดการกับความท้าทายที่เกิดจากสถานการณ์ที่มีการเปลี่ยนแปลงตลอดเวลาอย่างไร
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มีการประเมินผลกระทบแบบผสมผสาน แบบสำรวจรวบรวมทั้งข้อมูลเชิงปริมาณและเชิงคุณภาพ และเสริมด้วยการสัมภาษณ์เชิงคุณภาพ ผู้เข้าร่วมประกอบด้วยผู้ปฏิบัติงานด้านการดูแลสุขภาพของออสเตรเลียที่ให้การดูแลบุคคลที่ต้องสงสัยหรือได้รับการยืนยันว่าติดเชื้อโควิด-19 และผู้ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการกำหนดนโยบาย ข้อมูลถูกเก็บรวบรวมเกี่ยวกับการรับรู้ การใช้งาน ผลกระทบ จุดแข็ง และโอกาสในการปรับปรุงแนวทางปฏิบัติและแผนภูมิการไหล |
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A mixed-methods impact evaluation was conducted. Surveys collected both quantitative and qualitative data and were supplemented with qualitative interviews. Participants included Australian healthcare practitioners providing care to individuals with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 and people involved in policy-making. Data were collected on awareness, use, impact, strengths, and opportunities for improvement of the guidelines and flow charts. |
Study Design and Setting
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| 6 |
อะไรคือจุดสนใจหลักของระบบหุ่นยนต์ประกอบที่มีความแม่นยำสูงที่นำเสนอ
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การประกอบชิ้นส่วนที่แม่นยำและขจัดความล้มเหลวในการประกอบ |
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In this paper, a novel high-precision assembly robotic system capable of performing all kinds of tasks without failing is proposed. Specifically, the proposed robot's operation is focused on precision part fitting, which is a difficult task, considering the current technology, and on eliminating “assembly failure” such as biting of shafts and holes. This is achieved by exploiting the feeling of human fingertips during a manual operation performed by a worker. The main objective is to increase the types of tasks that can be performed by the robots. The proposed robotic system is capable of overcoming problems, such as “high installation cost,” “setup difficulties for particular products,” and “inability to automate assembly tasks.” In this study, the configuration and validity of an assembly motion analysis system, which measures motion and force information during an assembly task, is reported. After validating the system, it is confirmed that the force information when performing an actual task can be correctly obtained. In addition, these information are used to show the difference between successful and failed fitting tasks. |
Abstract |
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| 7 |
วัตถุประสงค์หลักของระบบหุ่นยนต์ตามเนื้อเรื่องคืออะไร
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การเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพการทำงานของพนักงาน |
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In this paper, a novel high-precision assembly robotic system capable of performing all kinds of tasks without failing is proposed. Specifically, the proposed robot's operation is focused on precision part fitting, which is a difficult task, considering the current technology, and on eliminating “assembly failure” such as biting of shafts and holes. This is achieved by exploiting the feeling of human fingertips during a manual operation performed by a worker. The main objective is to increase the types of tasks that can be performed by the robots. The proposed robotic system is capable of overcoming problems, such as “high installation cost,” “setup difficulties for particular products,” and “inability to automate assembly tasks.” In this study, the configuration and validity of an assembly motion analysis system, which measures motion and force information during an assembly task, is reported. After validating the system, it is confirmed that the force information when performing an actual task can be correctly obtained. In addition, these information are used to show the difference between successful and failed fitting tasks. |
Abstract |
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| 8 |
เทคโนโลยีใดที่ได้รับการเน้นย้ำว่าเป็นพื้นฐานในการบรรลุการประกอบชิ้นส่วนที่แม่นยำในระบบหุ่นยนต์ที่นำเสนอ
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ความรู้สึกจากปลายนิ้วของมนุษย์ |
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In this paper, a novel high-precision assembly robotic system capable of performing all kinds of tasks without failing is proposed. Specifically, the proposed robot's operation is focused on precision part fitting, which is a difficult task, considering the current technology, and on eliminating “assembly failure” such as biting of shafts and holes. This is achieved by exploiting the feeling of human fingertips during a manual operation performed by a worker. The main objective is to increase the types of tasks that can be performed by the robots. The proposed robotic system is capable of overcoming problems, such as “high installation cost,” “setup difficulties for particular products,” and “inability to automate assembly tasks.” In this study, the configuration and validity of an assembly motion analysis system, which measures motion and force information during an assembly task, is reported. After validating the system, it is confirmed that the force information when performing an actual task can be correctly obtained. In addition, these information are used to show the difference between successful and failed fitting tasks. |
Abstract |
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| 9 |
ระบบหุ่นยนต์ที่นำเสนอมีเป้าหมายที่จะเอาชนะปัญหาอะไรบ้าง
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ต้นทุนการติดตั้งสูง ความยุ่งยากในการติดตั้ง และไม่สามารถประกอบงานอัตโนมัติได้ |
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In this paper, a novel high-precision assembly robotic system capable of performing all kinds of tasks without failing is proposed. Specifically, the proposed robot's operation is focused on precision part fitting, which is a difficult task, considering the current technology, and on eliminating “assembly failure” such as biting of shafts and holes. This is achieved by exploiting the feeling of human fingertips during a manual operation performed by a worker. The main objective is to increase the types of tasks that can be performed by the robots. The proposed robotic system is capable of overcoming problems, such as “high installation cost,” “setup difficulties for particular products,” and “inability to automate assembly tasks.” In this study, the configuration and validity of an assembly motion analysis system, which measures motion and force information during an assembly task, is reported. After validating the system, it is confirmed that the force information when performing an actual task can be correctly obtained. In addition, these information are used to show the difference between successful and failed fitting tasks. |
Abstract |
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| 10 |
เขียนอธิบาย | อธิบายความสำคัญของการใช้การสัมผัสด้วยปลายนิ้วของมนุษย์ในระบบหุ่นยนต์ประกอบที่มีความแม่นยำสูงที่เสนอ สิ่งนี้มีส่วนช่วยให้บรรลุผลสำเร็จในการประกอบชิ้นส่วนที่แม่นยำอย่างไร และความท้าทายใดที่อาจเกิดขึ้นในการนำแนวทางสัมผัสดังกล่าวมาใช้ในวิทยาการหุ่นยนต์
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ในการศึกษานี้ ความสำเร็จหรือความล้มเหลวของการประกอบชิ้นส่วนจะถูกคาดการณ์แบบเรียลไทม์โดยการวัดข้อมูลแรงสัมผัส (หลังจากการสัมผัสกันระหว่างชิ้นงานกับตัวส่วนประกอบหลัก) การวิเคราะห์ข้อมูล และการแยกสัญญาณของความล้มเหลวในการประกอบ ด้วยเหตุนี้ ระบบการประกอบหุ่นยนต์จึงสามารถหลีกเลี่ยงความล้มเหลวในการประกอบได้ 100% |
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In this study, the success or failure of parts fitting is predicted in real time by measuring the tactile force information (after a contact between the workpiece and the main assembly body), analyzing the data, and extracting signs of assembly failure. By this, the robot assembly system capable of avoiding assembly failures by 100% will be developed. |
1. Introduction
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| 11 |
จุดสนใจหลักของคณะกรรมการสมาคมระหว่างประเทศเพื่อการบำบัดด้วยเซลล์และยีนเกี่ยวกับจริยธรรมแห่งการบำบัดด้วยเซลล์และยีน ตามที่กล่าวไว้ในบทความคืออะไร
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การพัฒนาการบำบัดเซลล์และยีนอย่างเข้มงวดและมีจริยธรรม |
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The field of regenerative medicine, including cellular immunotherapies, is on a remarkable growth trajectory. Dozens of cell-, tissue- and gene-based products have received marketing authorization worldwide while hundreds-to-thousands are either in preclinical development or under clinical investigation in phased clinical trials. However, the promise of regenerative therapies has also given rise to a global industry of direct-to-consumer offerings of prematurely commercialized cell and cell-based products with unknown safety and efficacy profiles. Since its inception, the International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Committee on the Ethics of Cell and Gene Therapy has opposed the premature commercialization of unproven cell- and gene-based interventions and supported the development of evidence-based advanced therapy products. In the present Guide, targeted at International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy members, we analyze this industry, focusing in particular on distinctive features of unproven cell and cell-based products and the use of tokens of scientific legitimacy as persuasive marketing devices. We also provide an overview of reporting mechanisms for patients who believe they have been harmed by administration of unapproved and unproven products and suggest practical strategies to address the direct-to-consumer marketing of such products. Development of this Guide epitomizes our continued support for the ethical and rigorous development of cell and cell-based products with patient safety and therapeutic benefit as guiding principles.
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Abstract |
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บทความเน้นถึงแนวโน้มที่เกี่ยวข้องกับเวชศาสตร์ฟื้นฟูอย่างไร
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การแพร่กระจายของผลิตภัณฑ์เชิงพาณิชย์ก่อนกำหนด |
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The field of regenerative medicine, including cellular immunotherapies, is on a remarkable growth trajectory. Dozens of cell-, tissue- and gene-based products have received marketing authorization worldwide while hundreds-to-thousands are either in preclinical development or under clinical investigation in phased clinical trials. However, the promise of regenerative therapies has also given rise to a global industry of direct-to-consumer offerings of prematurely commercialized cell and cell-based products with unknown safety and efficacy profiles. Since its inception, the International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Committee on the Ethics of Cell and Gene Therapy has opposed the premature commercialization of unproven cell- and gene-based interventions and supported the development of evidence-based advanced therapy products. |
Abstract |
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| 13 |
จุดยืนของคณะกรรมการระหว่างประเทศเพื่อการบำบัดด้วยเซลล์และยีนเกี่ยวกับการดำเนินการเชิงพาณิชย์ก่อนกำหนดของการแทรกแซงด้วยเซลล์และยีนคืออะไร
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การต่อต้าน |
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International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Committee on the Ethics of Cell and Gene Therapy has opposed the premature commercialization of unproven cell- and gene-based interventions and supported the development of evidence-based advanced therapy products. In the present Guide, targeted at International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy members, we analyze this industry, focusing in particular on distinctive features of unproven cell and cell-based products and the use of tokens of scientific legitimacy as persuasive marketing devices. We also provide an overview of reporting mechanisms for patients who believe they have been harmed by administration of unapproved and unproven products and suggest practical strategies to address the direct-to-consumer marketing of such products. Development of this Guide epitomizes our continued support for the ethical and rigorous development of cell and cell-based products with patient safety and therapeutic benefit as guiding principles. |
Abstract |
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| 14 |
อะไรคือสิ่งที่เน้นย้ำว่าเป็นหลักการชี้นำสำหรับการพัฒนาทางจริยธรรมของผลิตภัณฑ์เซลล์และผลิตภัณฑ์จากเซลล์ตามบทความ
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มาตรฐานอุตสาหกรรมระดับโลก |
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The field of regenerative medicine, including cellular immunotherapies, is on a remarkable growth trajectory. Dozens of cell-, tissue- and gene-based products have received marketing authorization worldwide while hundreds-to-thousands are either in preclinical development or under clinical investigation in phased clinical trials. However, the promise of regenerative therapies has also given rise to a global industry of direct-to-consumer offerings of prematurely commercialized cell and cell-based products with unknown safety and efficacy profiles. Since its inception, the International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Committee on the Ethics of Cell and Gene Therapy has opposed the premature commercialization of unproven cell- and gene-based interventions and supported the development of evidence-based advanced therapy products. In the present Guide, targeted at International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy members, we analyze this industry, focusing in particular on distinctive features of unproven cell and cell-based products and the use of tokens of scientific legitimacy as persuasive marketing devices. We also provide an overview of reporting mechanisms for patients who believe they have been harmed by administration of unapproved and unproven products and suggest practical strategies to address the direct-to-consumer marketing of such products. Development of this Guide epitomizes our continued support for the ethical and rigorous development of cell and cell-based products with patient safety and therapeutic benefit as guiding principles. |
Abstract |
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| 15 |
เขียนอธิบาย | อภิปรายถึงความเสี่ยงที่อาจเกิดขึ้นที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการค้าก่อนกำหนดของการแทรกแซงเซลล์และยีนที่ไม่ได้รับการพิสูจน์ แนวโน้มนี้จะส่งผลกระทบต่อความปลอดภัยของผู้ป่วยอย่างไร และผู้มีส่วนได้ส่วนเสียในสาขาเวชศาสตร์ฟื้นฟูควรคำนึงถึงข้อพิจารณาด้านจริยธรรมอะไรบ้าง
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ส่งผลให้เกิดผลกระทบทางกายภาพที่ไม่พึงประสงค์ ตั้งแต่การตาบอดไปจนถึงการติดเชื้อหรือแม้กระทั่งการเสียชีวิต และความเสียหายทางการเงินและจิตใจอย่างมาก |
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An unfortunate abundance of CGT products that are unproven and unapproved by regulatory agencies is offered worldwide for various conditions and diseases. Many of these products and their administration have been shown to result in adverse physical effects, from blindness to infections or even death, and considerable financial and psychological harm [20]. These adverse outcomes clearly demonstrate the need for conducting appropriate clinical trials, ensuring through early safety testing that products with high-risk profiles do not enter the marketplace. |
Approved and Proven CGT Products
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อะไรคือจุดเน้นหลักของการศึกษาเกี่ยวกับทารกแรกเกิดและลำดับเสียง
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ความสม่ำเสมอที่แยกไม่ออกในลำดับเสียง |
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Newborn infants have been shown to extract temporal regularities from sound sequences, both in the form of learning regular sequential properties, and extracting periodicity in the input, commonly referred to as a regular pulse or the ‘beat’. However, these two types of regularities are often indistinguishable in isochronous sequences, as both statistical learning and beat perception can be elicited by the regular alternation of accented and unaccented sounds. Here, we manipulated the isochrony of sound sequences in order to disentangle statistical learning from beat perception in sleeping newborn infants in an EEG experiment, as previously done in adults and macaque monkeys. We used a binary accented sequence that induces a beat when presented with isochronous timing, but not when presented with randomly jittered timing. We compared mismatch responses to infrequent deviants falling on either accented or unaccented (i.e., odd and even) positions. Results showed a clear difference between metrical positions in the isochronous sequence, but not in the equivalent jittered sequence. This suggests that beat processing is present in newborns. Despite previous evidence for statistical learning in newborns the effects of this ability were not detected in the jittered condition. These results show that statistical learning by itself does not fully explain beat processing in newborn infants. |
Abstract |
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| 17 |
นักวิจัยได้จัดการกับลำดับเสียงที่ไม่เท่ากันในการทดลองอย่างไร
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การแนะนำตำแหน่งคี่และคู่ |
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Newborn infants have been shown to extract temporal regularities from sound sequences, both in the form of learning regular sequential properties, and extracting periodicity in the input, commonly referred to as a regular pulse or the ‘beat’. However, these two types of regularities are often indistinguishable in isochronous sequences, as both statistical learning and beat perception can be elicited by the regular alternation of accented and unaccented sounds. Here, we manipulated the isochrony of sound sequences in order to disentangle statistical learning from beat perception in sleeping newborn infants in an EEG experiment, as previously done in adults and macaque monkeys. We used a binary accented sequence that induces a beat when presented with isochronous timing, but not when presented with randomly jittered timing. We compared mismatch responses to infrequent deviants falling on either accented or unaccented (i.e., odd and even) positions. Results showed a clear difference between metrical positions in the isochronous sequence, but not in the equivalent jittered sequence. This suggests that beat processing is present in newborns. Despite previous evidence for statistical learning in newborns the effects of this ability were not detected in the jittered condition. These results show that statistical learning by itself does not fully explain beat processing in newborn infants. |
Abstract
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| 18 |
อะไรคือความท้าทายหลักในการแยกแยะการเรียนรู้ทางสถิติจากการรับรู้จังหวะในลำดับไอโซโครนัสสำหรับทารกแรกเกิด
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ความสม่ำเสมอที่แยกไม่ออกในลำดับเสียง |
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Newborn infants have been shown to extract temporal regularities from sound sequences, both in the form of learning regular sequential properties, and extracting periodicity in the input, commonly referred to as a regular pulse or the ‘beat’. However, these two types of regularities are often indistinguishable in isochronous sequences, as both statistical learning and beat perception can be elicited by the regular alternation of accented and unaccented sounds. Here, we manipulated the isochrony of sound sequences in order to disentangle statistical learning from beat perception in sleeping newborn infants in an EEG experiment, as previously done in adults and macaque monkeys. We used a binary accented sequence that induces a beat when presented with isochronous timing, but not when presented with randomly jittered timing. We compared mismatch responses to infrequent deviants falling on either accented or unaccented (i.e., odd and even) positions. Results showed a clear difference between metrical positions in the isochronous sequence, but not in the equivalent jittered sequence. This suggests that beat processing is present in newborns. Despite previous evidence for statistical learning in newborns the effects of this ability were not detected in the jittered condition. These results show that statistical learning by itself does not fully explain beat processing in newborn infants. |
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ลำดับประเภทใดที่ชักนำให้เกิดจังหวะในทารกแรกเกิดเมื่อมีจังหวะไม่ตรงเวลา
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จังหวะเวลากระวนกระวายใจแบบสุ่ม |
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Newborn infants have been shown to extract temporal regularities from sound sequences, both in the form of learning regular sequential properties, and extracting periodicity in the input, commonly referred to as a regular pulse or the ‘beat’. However, these two types of regularities are often indistinguishable in isochronous sequences, as both statistical learning and beat perception can be elicited by the regular alternation of accented and unaccented sounds. Here, we manipulated the isochrony of sound sequences in order to disentangle statistical learning from beat perception in sleeping newborn infants in an EEG experiment, as previously done in adults and macaque monkeys. We used a binary accented sequence that induces a beat when presented with isochronous timing, but not when presented with randomly jittered timing. We compared mismatch responses to infrequent deviants falling on either accented or unaccented (i.e., odd and even) positions. Results showed a clear difference between metrical positions in the isochronous sequence, but not in the equivalent jittered sequence. This suggests that beat processing is present in newborns. Despite previous evidence for statistical learning in newborns the effects of this ability were not detected in the jittered condition. These results show that statistical learning by itself does not fully explain beat processing in newborn infants. |
Abstract |
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เขียนอธิบาย | อภิปรายวิธีการที่ใช้ในการศึกษาเพื่อแยกการเรียนรู้ทางสถิติออกจากการรับรู้จังหวะในทารกแรกเกิด นักวิจัยจัดการกับภาวะไอโซโครนีอย่างไร และอะไรคือการค้นพบที่สำคัญเกี่ยวกับตำแหน่งเมตริกในลำดับต่างๆ
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ใช้ลำดับสำเนียงไบนารีที่กระตุ้นจังหวะเมื่อแสดงด้วยจังหวะเวลาแบบไอโซโครนัส |
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Newborn infants have been shown to extract temporal regularities from sound sequences, both in the form of learning regular sequential properties, and extracting periodicity in the input, commonly referred to as a regular pulse or the ‘beat’. However, these two types of regularities are often indistinguishable in isochronous sequences, as both statistical learning and beat perception can be elicited by the regular alternation of accented and unaccented sounds. Here, we manipulated the isochrony of sound sequences in order to disentangle statistical learning from beat perception in sleeping newborn infants in an EEG experiment, as previously done in adults and macaque monkeys. We used a binary accented sequence that induces a beat when presented with isochronous timing, but not when presented with randomly jittered timing. We compared mismatch responses to infrequent deviants falling on either accented or unaccented (i.e., odd and even) positions. Results showed a clear difference between metrical positions in the isochronous sequence, but not in the equivalent jittered sequence. This suggests that beat processing is present in newborns. Despite previous evidence for statistical learning in newborns the effects of this ability were not detected in the jittered condition. These results show that statistical learning by itself does not fully explain beat processing in newborn infants. |
Abstract |
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