| 1 |
What was identified as a significant challenge in staying away from others within the household during isolation and quarantine?
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Household transmission, especially for parents and caregivers |
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Case investigation and contact tracing (CI/CT) are longstanding public health measures used to mitigate the spread of infectious diseases and were a critical part of the public health response to COVID-19 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2022a; World Health Organization (WHO), 2021). Case investigation involves interviewing someone who has confirmed or suspected COVID-19 to learn whom they may have exposed to the virus, eliciting their contacts, counseling them to monitor their symptoms, and recommending isolation (i.e., staying home and away from others). Contact tracing is the subsequent process of notifying close contacts of their potential exposure, referring them to testing, counseling them to monitor their symptoms, and encouraging them to quarantine (i.e., staying home and away from others after potential exposure) (CDC, 2022a). |
1. Background and purpose
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| 2 |
According to the study, what factor significantly influenced participants' decisions to follow isolation and quarantine guidelines?
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Supportive work policies |
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Participants were motivated to follow public health guidance around isolation and quarantine for their own health and to avoid spreading COVID-19 to others. Messaging that emphasizes the importance of protecting others may be an important motivator, consistent with recommendations from other studies on effective messaging about COVID-19 (Bokemper et al., 2022; Luttrell & Petty, 2021). Supportive work policies, social support from others, and linkage to services that provided food and other necessities were important facilitators for isolating and quarantining. It is critical for public health efforts to incorporate assessment and referrals for social support services (Lash et al., 2021). |
4.1. Motivators and facilitators for isolation and quarantine
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| 3 |
What harm reduction strategies were commonly reported by participants during isolation and quarantine?
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Ignoring social distancing guidelines |
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Several contacts said they left quarantine at least once to do routine tasks or run errands, including grocery shopping, curbside pickup, paying bills, or walking the dog.
“[I left quarantine] to buy essentials like water and juice and fresh milk and that kind of thing.” (Contact)
Like cases, contacts described trying to be safe around others when leaving the house.
“I [did] go to the grocery store. I stayed ten feet [away] and then fully masked.” (Contact) |
3.11. Challenges with quarantine
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| 4 |
What financial concern was highlighted as a barrier to adherence to isolation and quarantine measures?
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Lack of job opportunities |
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The ability to continue work was an important factor influencing isolation and quarantine. Participants who were able to work remotely while in isolation or quarantine reported few inconveniences and concern about income disruption. Participants required to be in-person for their jobs or who did not have adequate sick leave were concerned about loss of income and job security. Some participants reported being directed back to work by their employer before they were able to complete the recommended isolation or quarantine period. Public health efforts that provide supportive sick leave policies and other health programs may promote adherence to quarantine and isolation. For example, in the U.S., states that gained access to two weeks of paid sick leave for workers through the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA) reported about 400 fewer confirmed cases per state per day |
4.3. Financial implications for isolation and quarantine
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| 5 |
Essay | What were the key challenges faced by individuals in staying away from others within the household during isolation and quarantine?
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สุขภาพทางจิต |
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Participants reported that it was helpful to have social support during the isolation period through virtual check-ins with family and friends or through their faith community. Feelings of loneliness or despair while in isolation were reported, and participants described the mental health toll of being away from family and friends.
“Not being able to visit my mother who was in a nursing home at the time, and she also had COVID. And then she was hospitalized, and I couldn't go visit her, so that was the hardest part for me. But then one day I tested negative, and I was able to do that, and then she passed away. It was hard.” (Case) |
3.7. Motivators and facilitators of isolation
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| 6 |
What is the main concern highlighted in the study regarding the research effort in African urban ecology?
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Lack of interest from African researchers. |
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Our review also offers interesting information on the current methodological and conceptual orientation of urban ecological research in Africa. From a methodological point of view, we found an important taxonomic bias in the study of urban ecology in Africa similar to those previously reported |
4.2. Gaps in knowledge according to taxonomy and scientific fields
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| 7 |
According to the study, what factor is suggested as a potential reason for the low research effort in African urban ecology?
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Lack of economic resources. |
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in Africa that would divert the current available resources towards areas of conservation concern. Despite this, we found that about half (50 %) of African ecoregions without a single published study on the topic are classified as threatened, and urbanization is considered a leading threat in the area (Burgess et al., 2004), suggesting the need for additional studies to determine the ecological effects of urbanization and propose suitable conservation actions |
4.1. Spatio-temporal patterns in knowledge
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| 8 |
Why does the study recommend funding bodies to finance the education of local urban ecologists in Africa?
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| 9 |
What is the significance of South Africa in African urban ecology research, as highlighted in the study?
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It has the highest urbanization rate in Africa. |
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Studies were conducted in 72% of African countries, with South Africa alone accounting for almost 40% of all published papers. The studies were either conducted at the city (55%) or local/country (34%) level, suggesting the lack of transnational research collaboration. Interestingly, only country GDP and the size and conservation status of ecoregions significantly predicted the number of publications, suggesting that research effort is driven by economic reasons and the relevance of conservation in African urban ecology. We need to account for these biases to advance our understanding of the impacts of urbanization on African biodiversity. |
Abstract |
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| 10 |
Essay | Examine the factors contributing to the underrepresentation of African urban ecology research, as discussed in the study. Discuss the potential implications of this underrepresentation on global urban ecology knowledge and biodiversity conservation efforts. Propose actionable recommendations for fostering increased research efforts and collaboration in African urban ecology.
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เพิ่มความรู้ให้ชาวแอฟริกา |
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Our review also offers interesting information on the current methodological and conceptual orientation of urban ecological research in Africa. From a methodological point of view, we found an important taxonomic bias in the study of urban ecology in Africa similar to those previously reported |
4.2. Gaps in knowledge according to taxonomy and scientific fields
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| 11 |
What is the primary reason suggested for the sudden increase in research papers on AI acceptability in healthcare imaging within the last four years?
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Overwhelming evidence of AI's diagnostic accuracy |
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RQ3
What are the key factors influencing the acceptability of AI in medical imaging domains for medical professionals which have been studied?
It should be noted that there is no consensus in the literature around how acceptability should be defined [12]. Four key formulations have emerged including user affective attitude towards the suitability of a system for medical usage, behavioural intention to use a system, actual system usage behaviour, and satisfaction following system usage [12]. Accordingly, acceptability in this context is not concerned with a technical perspective of the diagnostic accuracy of AI but rather the end user perspective of using AI. Restricting the ambit of this review to one specific interpretation may yield limited results given the scarcity of research in this domain. To ensure there is adequate material for analysis this scoping review will consider studies which use any of these conceptualisations of acceptability. Despite being distinctive, they all share some conceptual commonalities and therefore the insights derived from studies using different definitions of acceptability can still be informative [12]. |
2. Methodology
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| 12 |
What does the review propose regarding the identified factors influencing AI acceptability?
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They are limited to a single theoretical framework |
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Despite growing international interest and investment of AI in healthcare, evident in how the value of the global medical AI market is projected to increase from $13.82 billion in 2022 to $164.1 billion in 2029, research around AI acceptability in healthcare is limited [15]. The literature in this domain is sparse and fragmented which risks undermining efforts to make sense of AI acceptability. Recent reviews have been conducted that examine the literature for user perceptions and needs of AI alongside human-centred design approaches to developing AI systems to improve adoption in healthcare settings among patients and clinicians [16,17]. However, these reviews do not specifically target medical professionals in healthcare imaging fields nor do they thoroughly assess the research methodologies used to evaluate the factors underpinning the acceptability of AI. They are therefore necessarily restricted in the insights they can provide as to why different studies have reached certain results and conclusions and how researchers might improve upon these in the future. To address this gap, this scoping review aims to survey the health informatics literature to provide a comprehensive summary of the key factors influencing the acceptability of AI among medical professionals in healthcare imaging domains and to analyse the different approaches taken to investigate them. In the context of this review, the term “healthcare professionals” includes medical professionals (e.g. radiologists, radiation oncologists) who are clinicians that perform image interpretation and allied health professionals (e.g. radiographers) who typically do not perform interpretive work but may do so in some circumstances. |
1. Introduction and motivation
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| 13 |
What is the main limitation discussed in the section on "Theoretical frameworks and ad-hoc approaches used"?
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Theoretical frameworks are unnecessary for studying AI acceptability |
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RQ3
What are the key factors influencing the acceptability of AI in medical imaging domains for medical professionals which have been studied?
It should be noted that there is no consensus in the literature around how acceptability should be defined [12]. Four key formulations have emerged including user affective attitude towards the suitability of a system for medical usage, behavioural intention to use a system, actual system usage behaviour, and satisfaction following system usage [12]. Accordingly, acceptability in this context is not concerned with a technical perspective of the diagnostic accuracy of AI but rather the end user perspective of using AI. Restricting the ambit of this review to one specific interpretation may yield limited results given the scarcity of research in this domain. To ensure there is adequate material for analysis this scoping review will consider studies which use any of these conceptualisations of acceptability. Despite being distinctive, they all share some conceptual commonalities and therefore the insights derived from studies using different definitions of acceptability can still be informative [12]. |
2. Methodology
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What recommendation does the review make regarding conceptual clarity and terminology consistency?
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Clearly define and uniformly use terminology associated with acceptability |
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Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has the potential to transform medical practice within the medical imaging industry and materially improve productivity and patient outcomes. However, low acceptability of AI as a digital healthcare intervention among medical professionals threatens to undermine user uptake levels, hinder meaningful and optimal value-added engagement, and ultimately prevent these promising benefits from being realised. Understanding the factors underpinning AI acceptability will be vital for medical institutions to pinpoint areas of deficiency and improvement within their AI implementation strategies. This scoping review aims to survey the literature to provide a comprehensive summary of the key factors influencing AI acceptability among healthcare professionals in medical imaging domains and the different approaches which have been taken to investigate them. |
Abstract |
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| 15 |
Essay | Please Discuss the key findings and implications of the scoping review on healthcare professional acceptability of AI in diagnostic imaging. Highlight the identified factors, theoretical frameworks used, and the recommendations made for future research in this domain.
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เพื่อศึกษาความแม่นยำของAI |
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Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has the potential to transform medical practice within the medical imaging industry and materially improve productivity and patient outcomes. However, low acceptability of AI as a digital healthcare intervention among medical professionals threatens to undermine user uptake levels, hinder meaningful and optimal value-added engagement, and ultimately prevent these promising benefits from being realised. Understanding the factors underpinning AI acceptability will be vital for medical institutions to pinpoint areas of deficiency and improvement within their AI implementation strategies. This scoping review aims to survey the literature to provide a comprehensive summary of the key factors influencing AI acceptability among healthcare professionals in medical imaging domains and the different approaches which have been taken to investigate them. |
Abstract |
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| 16 |
What is the primary focus of the systematic review discussed in the passage?
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Workplace violence (WPV) prevalence in diagnostic radiography |
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Twelve papers met the selection criteria and were included. This review shows that the WPV prevalence were 69.2–100 % (whole career) and 46.1–83.0 % (last 12 months) in diagnostic radiography, 63.0–84.0 % (whole career) in radiation therapy, 57.6 % in medical sonography (last 12 months), and 46.8 % (last 6 months) in nuclear medicine. The identified WPV risk factors included intoxicated patients, staff stress, feeling of inadequacy resulting in self-protection, more vulnerable practitioners (female, <40 years old and <5-year experience), working in radiation therapy treatment room, emergency department, examination room, general radiography, public hospital, and non-examination and waiting areas, long patient waiting time, night shift, overcrowding environment, unable to meet patients'/family members' expectations, miscommunication, patient handling, inadequate staff and security measures, interaction with colleagues, and lone working. |
Results |
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| 17 |
According to the passage, which profession is typically considered to encounter WPV more frequently than others in the healthcare sector?
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Emergency Medical Services (EMS) responders |
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According to World Health Organization (WHO), workplace violence (WPV) is a significant issue in healthcare. WPV can be defined as healthcare workers being abused, assaulted or threatened in work-related events which include but are not limited to travelling to and from workplace, and implicit or explicit conflict affecting their health, safety or wellness.1 Common examples of WPV in healthcare include aggression, bullying, physical assault, sexual harassment, and verbal abuse and threats initiated by perpetrators such as patients, visitors and co-workers. Affected healthcare workers can experience from unnoticeable effects to fatality. Usually, these WPV incidents result in healthcare worker burnout, sleep disorder and stress, leading to reduction of their work performance as well as commitment and satisfaction. Hence, the WPV not only affects individual healthcare workers but also impacts on healthcare quality which in turn becomes academic, clinical, professional, ethical, societal, political and government concerns. |
Introduction |
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| 18 |
What is identified as the most common type of WPV in the included studies, as mentioned in the passage?
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Physical assault |
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According to World Health Organization (WHO), workplace violence (WPV) is a significant issue in healthcare. WPV can be defined as healthcare workers being abused, assaulted or threatened in work-related events which include but are not limited to travelling to and from workplace, and implicit or explicit conflict affecting their health, safety or wellness.1 Common examples of WPV in healthcare include aggression, bullying, physical assault, sexual harassment, and verbal abuse and threats initiated by perpetrators such as patients, visitors and co-workers. Affected healthcare workers can experience from unnoticeable effects to fatality. Usually, these WPV incidents result in healthcare worker burnout, sleep disorder and stress, leading to reduction of their work performance as well as commitment and satisfaction. Hence, the WPV not only affects individual healthcare workers but also impacts on healthcare quality which in turn becomes academic, clinical, professional, ethical, societal, political and government concerns. |
Introduction |
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| 19 |
According to the ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI framework guidelines mentioned in the passage, what is suggested as a key measure for addressing the WPV issue in medical radiation sciences (MRS)?
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Limiting security measures in healthcare institutions |
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To the best of our knowledge, no systematic review on WPV in medical radiation science (MRS) has been published yet. However, MRS is an indispensable part of modern healthcare.11 Medical radiation practitioners (MRPs) including diagnostic radiographers, nuclear medicine technologists (NMTs), medical sonographers and radiation therapists work in various clinical areas such as radiology, nuclear medicine, emergency and radiation oncology departments, intensive care units and operating theatres.12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 As per the previous systematic reviews in healthcare, various clinical settings would have different risk levels. Common high risk areas that are related to MRS practice include emergency department (ED), evening shift work, and waiting room.3, 4, 5 Although International Labour Office (ILO)/International Council of Nurses (ICN)/WHO/Public Services International (PSI) framework guidelines have provided suggested strategies to reduce the WPV in healthcare,1 without understanding of the WPV prevalence and risk factors in MRS, effective strategies for reducing the incidents of WPV in this profession could not be determined.2,3 Hence, it is timely to conduct a systematic review on the WPV in MRS. The purpose of this systematic review is to explore the published papers to answer the question “What was the prevalence of WPV in MRS and its risk factors?” |
Introduction |
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| 20 |
Essay | According to the ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI framework guidelines, what is emphasized as the most important measure for addressing the issue of Workplace Violence (WPV) in Medical Radiation Sciences (MRS)?
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เพิ่มความรู้เกี่ยวกับรังสี |
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According to World Health Organization (WHO), workplace violence (WPV) is a significant issue in healthcare. WPV can be defined as healthcare workers being abused, assaulted or threatened in work-related events which include but are not limited to travelling to and from workplace, and implicit or explicit conflict affecting their health, safety or wellness.1 Common examples of WPV in healthcare include aggression, bullying, physical assault, sexual harassment, and verbal abuse and threats initiated by perpetrators such as patients, visitors and co-workers. Affected healthcare workers can experience from unnoticeable effects to fatality. Usually, these WPV incidents result in healthcare worker burnout, sleep disorder and stress, leading to reduction of their work performance as well as commitment and satisfaction. Hence, the WPV not only affects individual healthcare workers but also impacts on healthcare quality which in turn becomes academic, clinical, professional, ethical, societal, political and government concerns. |
Introduction |
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