| 1 |
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A is True
B is False
C is False
D is True |
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The situation changes when we consider the system on a demographic time scale where births and deaths play a role. Assuming that ν and μ are positive, with the same arguments as above we get that R 0 = β/(γ+μ). Now if R 0 > 1 the system can develop into an equilibrium state where the supply of new susceptible persons by birth is balanced by the transmission process and on average every infected person produces one new infection. This so-called endemic equilibrium can be computed from the model equations by setting the left-hand sides to zero and solving for the variables S, I, and R in terms of the model parameters. First one obtains the steady state population size as N * = ν/μ (the superscript * denotes the steady state value). The steady state values for the infection-related variables are then given by |
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7178885/ |
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Results for our polynomial fittings are not ideal either. Polynomial fitting is the modeling process in which a series of polynomial functions is used. It is based on the Taylor formula in which any kind of expression can be approximated by the sum of infinite polynomial functions, as shown below:
f(x)=f(a)+f′(a)1!(x−a)+f(2)(a)2!(x−a)2+⋯+f(n)(a)n!(x−a)n+Rn(x).
(1 |
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4058851/ |
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| 3 |
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A is True
B is False
C is False
D is True |
|
evMan software was used for meta-analysis. Mean Difference was calculated due to the same sleep quality measurement tools in all studies. Heterogeneity of studies was assessed using I-squared (I2
). Due to high heterogeneity (I2
> 75%), Random Effect was used instead of Fixed Effect. |
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/02601060221082367 |
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| 4 |
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A is True
B is True
C is True
D is False |
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To answer our research questions, we surveyed the members of twelve health professional organisations around the world to assess their views about climate change as a human health issue. The questionnaire was developed with measures derived from previous studies of health professionals' views on climate change and health.23, 24, 25 All procedures described below received the Institutional Review Boards' approval before data collection (IRBNet #1629592). To ensure clarity and that the length was appropriate, the instrument was pilot tested with members (n=176) of an organisation of medical professionals who work on public engagement on climate change and health. The median time to complete the survey was 11 min. A copy of the questionnaire is provided in the appendix (pp 1–41). Participants had the option to take the survey in English, Spanish, French, or Arabic. |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S254251962100053X |
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| 5 |
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A is False
B is False
C is True
D is True |
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The association between SSIs and obesity results in the decreased oxygen tension of the relatively avascular adipose tissue, differences in wound healing, greater wound size, or technical difficulties |
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41366-021-01035-6/ |
8 |
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| 6 |
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A is True
B is True
C is False
D is False |
|
These responses
include attrition of T-cell functions, such as reduced
mitogen-dependent proliferation and interleukin-2
production, decreased T-helper-cell pop ulation |
https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61167-9 |
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| 8 |
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A is True
B is False
C is False
D is False |
|
The cognition of noise and the resulting cortical and sympathetic activation causes the generation of stress hormones (e.g. cortisol and catecholamines), with subsequent activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. If chronically present, this pathway may first lead to development of cardiovascular risk factors (e.g. hyperglycaemia and hypercholesterolaemia), blood clotting factor activation, and high blood pressure, ultimately leading to MI, heart failure, arterial hypertension, arrhythmia, and stroke |
https://academic.oup.com/cardiovascres/article/118/14/2880/6381568 |
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| 9 |
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True
True
True |
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| 10 |
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| 11 |
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| 12 |
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7 |
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| 13 |
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(b) |
|
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(b) |
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As a sound wave passes through the body it gradually loses its
energy in a process called attenuation. The causes of this are:
reflection, refraction, scatter and absorption (Figure 3).
Reflection and refraction occur at the interfaces between tissues.
Reflection, as already described, is responsible for the production of the required echoes. Refraction causes a transmitted
wave to be deflected from its original direction where it passes
through an interface between tissues having differing wave
speed. Scatter describes the scattering of the wave in all directions which occurs when a wave encounters a structure much
smaller than its wavelength, typically occurring on interaction
with red blood cells. The majority of attenuation, however, occurs due to absorption. The energy of the sound wave is converted into friction between oscillating tissue particles an |
https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2018.01.005 |
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(b) |
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Ultrasound waves are produced by briefly passing an electrical
current through a piezoelectric crystal within the ultrasound
probe. The resulting pulse of ultrasound waves is delivered to the
tissues. The crystal then waits for the rebounding echoes to be
received before transmitting the next pulse. The pulse duration is
typically 1 ms repeated at 1 ms intervals. Each crystal therefore
emits ultrasound waves 0.1% of the time and receives the
returning echoes for the remaining 99.9% of the time. In practice,
the probe contains a phased array of many piezoelectric crystals
which are stimulated sequentially by electronic pulses which
sweep from one side of the probe to the other.
As the ultrasound wave passes through the p |
https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2018.01.005 |
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