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Aerobic exercise and resistance training with weights สามารถช่วยรักษาโรคใด
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3. Diabetes |
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ผู้ป่วย ป่วยด้วยโรคแผลกระเพาะอาหาร อยากทราบวิธีรักษาผู้ป่วยอย่างไร
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5. ต้องตรวจละเอียดก่อนถึงจะบอกได้ |
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ต้องตรวจให้ละเอียดก่อนว่าแผลที่เกิดขึ้นอยู่บริเวณใด |
การตรวจวินิจฉัยเพื่อหาตำแหน่งของจุดเลือดออก ได้แก่ การส่องกล้องทางเดินอาหารส่วนบน (esophagogastroduodenoscopy) และการทำ barium enema อ้างอิง : ฤทธิชัย, 2557 |
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กล้ามเนื้ออ่อนแรง อยากทราบว่าจะรักษาผู้ป่วยอย่างไร
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5. รักษาตามอาการ |
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เนื่องจากแต่ละบุคคลมีอาการที่ไม่เหมือนกันซะทีเดียว อีกทั้งโรคดังกล่าวไม่สามารถรักษาให้หายขาดได้ จึงต้องรักษาตามอาการ |
กล้ามเนื้ออ่อนแรง โรคที่ยังไม่มีวิธีการรักษาให้หายขาด สำหรับวิธีการรักษาโรคกล้ามเนื้ออ่อนแรง จะเป็นการรักษาตามอาการและเน้นการเสริมสร้างระบบภูมิคุ้มกันของร่างกาย ทั้งนี้ขึ้นอยู่กับระดับความรุนแรงของอาการ ตำแหน่งที่เกิดอาการ ซึ่งแพทย์จะเลือกวิธีที่เหมาะสมกับอาการของผู้ป่วยแต่ละคน
อ้างอิง : โรงพยาบาลศิครินทร์
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จงอ่านข้อมูลต่อไปนี้แล้วตอบคำถาม
Jame ขาหนีบบวม สัมผัสแล้วพบก้อนใต้ผิวหนังแต่ไม่ก่อให้เกิดอาการปวดแต่อย่างใด
• มีไข้
• น้ำหนักตัวลด
• เหงื่อออกตอนกลางคืน
• มีก้อนตามร่างกาย
การรักษา Jame ควรเป็นอย่างไร
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3. ผ่าตัด |
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จงอ่านข้อความต่อไปนี้แล้วตอบคำถาม
A 47-year-old woman presents to her oncologist with the complaint of solid mass on right breast. During her workup, an ultrasound of her breast shows a 6-cm right ovarian mass.
อยากทราบว่าควรรักษาเคสนี้อย่างไร
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3. ผ่าตัด |
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ในเคสดังกล่าวการรักษาที่เหมาะสมที่สุดคือการผ่าตัดออก |
Large or persistent ovarian cysts, or cysts that are causing symptoms, usually need to be surgically removed.
Surgery is also normally recommended if there are concerns that the cyst could be cancerous or could become cancerous.
อ้างอิง : © Crown copyright |
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Germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) mutations substantially increase the risk of developing breast cancer (BC), accounting for approximately how many % of familial BC
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5. 22 to 30% |
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PP1 mediated dephosphorylation/activation of DNA-PK causes USF-1 phosphorylation upon feeding |
อ้างอิง : Wong et al., 2010 |
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Application ของ The CRISPR-Cas9 system คือข้อใดต่อไปนี้
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5. ถูกทุกข้อ |
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CRISPR - Cas9 system สามารถที่จะนำมาประยุกต์ได้หลากหลาย ไม่ว่าจะเป็นด้านมะเร็ง, viral infection, genetic disease หรือ detection of pathogens |
The Use of CRISPR/Cas9 as a Tool to Study Human Infectious Viruses (Lin et al., 2021)
Applications and challenges of CRISPR-Cas gene-editing to disease treatment in clinics (Liu et al., 2021)
Current applications and future perspective of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in cancer (Wang et al., 2022) |
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DNA-PK dephosphorylation by the what protein activates DNA-PK. Loss of DNA-PK, both in vitro and in vivo, strongly attenuates both phosphorylation and acetylation of USF-1, leading to reduced activation of FAS gene and de novo lipogenesis
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4. phosphatase PP1 |
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PP1 mediated dephosphorylation/activation of DNA-PK causes USF-1 phosphorylation upon feeding |
อ้างอิง : Wong et al., 2010 |
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The collection of all epigenetic changes in a genome is called ?
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1. epigenome |
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The collection of all epigenetic changes in a genome is called an epigenome. |
Epigenetics (also sometimes called epigenomics) is a field of study focused on changes in DNA that do not involve alterations to the underlying sequence. The DNA letters and the proteins that interact with DNA can have chemical modifications that change the degrees to which genes are turned on and off. Certain epigenetic modifications may be passed on from parent cell to daughter cell during cell division or from one generation to the next. The collection of all epigenetic changes in a genome is called an epigenome.
อ้างอิง : Hurle, 2023 |
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ผลของ DNA damage คือข้อใด
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5. ทั้งหมดที่กล่าวมา |
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ทุกข้อที่กล่าวมาล้วนเป็นผลของ dna damage |
Organisms have evolved to efficiently respond to DNA insults that result from either endogenous sources (cellular metabolic processes) or exogenous sources (environmental factors). Endogenous sources of DNA damage include hydrolysis, oxidation, alkylation, and mismatch of DNA bases; sources for exogenous DNA damage include ionizing radiation (IR), ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and various chemicals agents. At the cellular level, damaged DNA that is not properly repaired can lead to genomic instability, apoptosis, or senescence, which can greatly affect the organism’s development and ageing process. More importantly, loss of genomic integrity predisposes the organism to immunodeficiency, neurological disorders, and cancer (O’Driscoll and Jeggo, 2006; Subba Rao, 2007; Thoms et al, 2007). Therefore, it is essential for cells to efficiently respond to DNA damage through coordinated and integrated DNA-damage checkpoints and repair pathways.
อ้างอิง : Hakem., 2008
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ข้อใดเกี่ยวข้องกับ LRRK2 mutations
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1. determinant of PD |
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Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common genetic determinant of Parkinson’s disease (PD) in European-derived populations, but far less is known about LRRK2 mutations and susceptibility alleles in Asians. |
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common genetic determinant of Parkinson’s disease (PD) in European-derived populations, but far less is known about LRRK2 mutations and susceptibility alleles in Asians. To address this issue, we sequenced the LRRK2 coding region in 36 patients with familial PD, then genotyped variants of interest in an additional 595 PD cases and 1,641 controls who were all of Japanese ancestry. We also performed a meta-analysis of studies on G2385R, a polymorphism previously reported to associate with PD. One pathogenic (G2019S) and one putative pathogenic (R1067Q) mutation were each observed in two patients with sporadic PD. The overall mutation frequency among patients was 0.6%. G2385R was highly associated with PD under a dominant model in our dataset (adjusted OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.31–2.54; P = 3.3 × 10−4) and similar results were seen in the meta-analysis (summary OR assuming fixed effects, 2.55; 95% CI, 2.10–3.10). G2385R represents the first consistently replicated common PD susceptibility variant in a non-European population and its effect size is substantially greater than that reported for other well-validated genetic risk factors for the disease. However, LRRK2 mutations appear to be rare among Japanese patients with PD.
อ้างอิง : Zabetian et al., 2010 |
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ข้อใดคือ Weathering process of plastic waste?
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5. ถูกทุกข้อ |
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RR of No relationship was identified between fruit juice intake and the risk of developing GDM คือเท่าใด
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2. RR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.91–1.04) |
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No relationship was identified between fruit juice intake and the risk of developing GDM (RR=0.97; 95% CI: 0.91–1.04). |
Fruit juice consumption and risk of GDM
In four studies, 1,598 people with GDM outcomes and 23,177 participants showed an association between fruit juice intake and the risk of GDM [9, 30, 31, 40]. No relationship was identified between fruit juice intake and the risk of developing GDM (RR=0.97; 95% CI: 0.91–1.04). Low heterogeneity was detected among studies (P=0.23, I2 = 29.8%) (Fig. 2; Table 2). There was no linear relationship between each 100 ml/day increase in fruit juice consumption and the risk of GDM based on a dose‒response analysis (RR=1.01, 95% CI: 0.97–1.08; see online supplementary materials, Figure S3). อ้างอิง : Liao et al. Nutrition Journal (2023) 22:27 |
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จากบทความเรื่อง Climate change ข้อใดคือ Innovations on climate change mitigation
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5. ทั้งหมดที่กล่าวมา |
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ข้อใดเป็น Environment ASF Risk Category
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5. ถูกทุกข้อ |
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ข้อใดคือ DNA alterations.
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4. deletions |
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เราสามารถคำนวณ molar concentration of MPV จากอะไร
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1. the regression equation. |
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ข้อใดคือ models for nonzoonotic malaria identified evidence for clear indigenous human-mosquito-human transmission chains
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1. 17% of P. falciparum cases and 24% of P. vivax cases with estimated RC values greater than 1 from 2012 to 2020. |
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models for nonzoonotic malaria identified evidence for clear indigenous human-mosquito-human transmission chains, with 17% of P. falciparum cases and 24% of P. vivax cases with esti- mated RC values greater than 1 from 2012 to 2020. |
models for nonzoonotic malaria identified evidence for clear indigenous human-mosquito-human transmission chains, with 17% of P. falciparum cases and 24% of P. vivax cases with esti- mated RC values greater than 1 from 2012 to 2020. For P. falciparum, the mean RC value was 0.568 (95% CI: 0–1.97) for East Malaysia and 0.386 (95% CI: 0–2.04) for West Malaysia. The mean RC for P. vivax was 0.524 (95% CI: 0–2.436) and 0.230 (95%CI: 0, 1.820) for East and West Malaysia, respectively (Fig. 4). The probability of P. falciparum or P. vivax cases leading to onward transmission varied over space and time (Fig. 5). There were clear decreasing temporal trends in RC estimates for both nonzoonotic malaria species, with no RC values above 1 detected after 2018 when the last indigenous nonzoonotic malaria case was reported by the Malaysian Ministry of Health. Models clearly identified an outbreak of P. vivax reported in West Malaysia between 2016 and 2017, demonstrating the utility of these methods in pre-elimination settings29. อ้างอิง : Nature Communications | (2023)14:2945 |
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ข้อใดคือ a three-way interaction among species, sulcus, and hemisphere (F(7, 1497) = 2.43, p = 0.01, η2 = 0.01) showed that the mcgs was deeper in chimpanzees in the left hemisphere (p = 0.04), but comparably deep in the right hemisphere (p = 0.35; Fig. 7a) compared to humans.
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3. (F(7, 1497) = 2.43, p = 0.01, η2 = 0.01) |
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Third, a three-way interaction among species, sulcus, and hemisphere (F(7, 1497) = 2.43, p = 0.01, η2 = 0.01) showed that the mcgs was deeper in chimpanzees in the left hemisphere (p = 0.04), but comparably deep in the right hemisphere (p = 0.35; Fig. 7a) compared to humans. |
The relative depth and surface area of PMC sulci largely differ between chimpanzees and humans. In terms of depth, an LME with predictors of sulcus, hemisphere, and species revealed three species-related findings. First, a main effect of species (F(1, 130) = 269.48, p < 0.0001, η2 = 0.67) showed that human PMC sulci were relatively deeper than chimpanzees (Fig. 7a). Second, an interaction between species and sulcus (F(7, 1497) = 131.81, p < 0.0001, η2 = 0.38) indicated more complex relationships at the individual-sulcus level. Post hoc analyses revealed three findings: i) the isms, pos, prculs-d, prcus-i, spls, and sspls-v were relatively deeper in humans than chimpanzees (ps < 0.003), ii) the mcgs was relatively deeper in chimpanzees than humans (p = 0.04), and iii) the pmcgs was comparably deep between species (p = 0.45; Fig. 7a). Third, a three-way interaction among species, sulcus, and hemisphere (F(7, 1497) = 2.43, p = 0.01, η2 = 0.01) showed that the mcgs was deeper in chimpanzees in the left hemisphere (p = 0.04), but comparably deep in the right hemisphere (p = 0.35; Fig. 7a) compared to humans. อ้างอิง : Willbrand et al., 2023 |
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ยีนใดเกี่ยวข้องกับ cardiovascular protection.
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1. Tp53 |
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality globally, so further investigation is required to identify its underlying mechanisms and potential targets for its prevention. The transcription factor p53 functions as a gatekeeper, regulating a myriad of genes to maintain normal cell functions. It has received a great deal of research attention as a tumor suppressor. In the past three decades, evidence has also shown a regulatory role for p53 in the heart. Basal p53 is essential for embryonic cardiac development; it is also necessary to maintain normal heart architecture and physiological function. In pathological cardiovascular circumstances, p53 expression is elevated in both patient samples and animal models. Elevated p53 plays a regulatory role via anti-angiogenesis, pro-programmed cell death, metabolism regulation, and cell cycle arrest regulation. This largely promotes the development of CVDs, particularly cardiac remodeling in the infarcted heart, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Roles for p53 have also been found in atherosclerosis and chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity. However, it has different roles in cardiomyocytes and non-myocytes, even in the same model. In this review, we describe the different effects of p53 in cardiovascular physiological and pathological conditions, in addition to potential CVD therapies targeting p53. อ้างอิง : Men et al., 2020 |
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