โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary goal of using multimodal transportation in logistics as per the discussed research?

Multimodal transportation combines different transport modes, such as road, rail, sea, and air, to select the most efficient route for each stage of delivery. This helps reduce overall transportation costs, manage risks such as delays or disruptions, and ensure that products are delivered on time.

The answer is based on the logistics and supply chain management principle of optimising total logistics cost and service level. Multimodal transportation is used to balance cost, speed, reliability, and risk by choosing the most suitable combination of transport modes rather than relying on only one mode.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which method is primarily used for decision-making in multimodal transportation route selection?

AHP is used to evaluate and rank the importance of decision criteria, while ZOGP is used to select the best route based on constraints and goals. Therefore, combining AHP and ZOGP supports better decision-making in multimodal transportation route selection.

The answer is based on multi-criteria decision-making theory. AHP helps assign weights to criteria such as cost, time, risk, and reliability, while Zero-One Goal Programming optimises the final route choice under multiple objectives and constraints.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
According to the case study, what is the primary commodity considered for transportation?

Coal is usually transported in large volumes over long distances. Multimodal transportation can combine road, rail, and sea transport to reduce total logistics costs and improve delivery efficiency.

The answer follows the bulk commodity transportation principle. For heavy and low-value bulk goods such as coal, logistics planning focuses on minimising total transport cost through efficient mode combinations, especially rail and sea transport.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the role of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the multimodal transportation decision support model?

AHP is used to compare decision criteria, such as transportation cost, delivery time, risk, and reliability. It converts expert judgments into numerical weights, which are then used to evaluate alternative transportation routes.

The answer is based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process, a multi-criteria decision-making method developed by Thomas L. Saaty. AHP uses pairwise comparisons and expert judgments to determine the relative importance, or weights, of decision criteria.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which risk is NOT considered in the list of risks assessed for multimodal transportation route selection?

Health risk is not normally included as a main transportation route selection risk. The model focuses on risks directly related to cargo delivery, such as freight damage, security issues, legal requirements, and financial losses.

The answer is based on logistics risk management. Route selection evaluates operational and supply chain risks that may affect cost, delivery time, cargo condition, and compliance.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does ZOGP stand for, and what is its role in the model?

ZOGP stands for Zero-One Goal Programming. It is used to choose the best transportation route from a set of available alternatives. The zero-one decision variable indicates whether a particular route is selected or not selected.

The answer is based on goal programming and binary optimisation. ZOGP considers several objectives, such as minimising cost, delivery time, and risk, while using binary variables where 1 means a route is selected and 0 means it is not selected.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following is NOT a mode of transport discussed in the multimodal transportation case study?

The case study considers road, rail, sea, and air transportation. These modes can be combined to create an efficient multimodal transportation route.

Multimodal transportation integrates two or more transport modes to improve cost efficiency, delivery time, and service reliability.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
In the context of the AHP used in the study, what does a consistency ratio (CR) less than 0.1 indicate?

In AHP, a consistency ratio below 0.1 means that the expert judgments in the pairwise comparison matrix are sufficiently consistent and can be accepted.

According to AHP consistency theory, the consistency ratio is calculated as CR = CI / RI. A value below 0.10 indicates an acceptable level of consistency in pairwise comparisons.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary purpose of sensitivity analysis in the context of the ZOGP model used in the study?

Sensitivity analysis tests whether the selected route remains optimal when input values, such as cost, time, risk, or criterion weights, change. It therefore assesses the stability of the model’s result.

Sensitivity analysis is an optimisation-model validation technique. It examines how changes in model parameters affect the objective value and the final route-selection decision.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following best describes the role of multimodal transportation in global trade according to the study?

Multimodal transportation connects local producers with domestic and international markets through efficient combinations of road, rail, sea, and air transport. This can reduce logistics costs, improve delivery performance, and strengthen competitiveness.

The answer follows supply chain integration and trade facilitation principles. Efficient transport networks reduce trade barriers and total logistics costs, which supports both local industrial development and global trade competitiveness.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the main natural cause of landslides along the Jammu-Srinagar National Highway?

Prolonged precipitation saturates the soil and increases pore-water pressure. This reduces slope stability and can trigger landslides along the Jammu–Srinagar National Highway.

The answer is based on slope-stability theory. Continuous rainfall increases soil moisture and decreases effective stress, making slopes more likely to fail.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
According to the article, what technology is used to assess landslide-prone areas along the highway?

Remote sensing provides satellite-based information about land surface conditions, while ARIMA modelling analyses time-series data to identify patterns and forecast landslide-prone conditions.

The answer uses geospatial analysis and time-series forecasting. Remote sensing monitors environmental variables over large areas, and ARIMA is used to model and predict changes over time.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the relationship between land surface temperature (LST) and underground water level mentioned in the study?

The study indicates an inverse relationship between land surface temperature and underground water level. When underground water levels increase, land surface temperature tends to decrease.

This follows the land-surface energy balance principle. Higher soil moisture or groundwater availability increases evaporation and evapotranspiration, which cools the land surface.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
How is the threshold value for landslide triggering determined as per the study?

Landslide triggering thresholds are determined using field observations and geotechnical factors such as slope angle, soil properties, rock conditions, and rainfall conditions.

The answer is based on geotechnical slope-stability assessment. Field data and material properties are used to estimate when a slope may become unstable.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
If the mean monthly rainfall in April is 150 mm and it increases by 20% in May, what is the mean monthly rainfall in May?

A 20% increase from 150 mm is calculated as 150 x 0.20 = 30 mm, then 150 + 30 = 180 mm.

The calculation uses the percentage-increase formula and new value = Original value x (1 + percentage increase) = 150 x 1.20 = 180 mm.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Given that the slope angle in a studied section is 45 degrees and the friction angle (phi) is 11 degrees, what is the ratio of friction angle to slope angle?

The ratio of friction angle to slope angle is calculated as 11 / 45 = 0.244. Rounded to two decimal places, the ratio is 0.24.

Ratio = friction angle / slope angle = 11 / 45 = 0.244 ≈ 0.24.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
If the specific gravity of soil is 2.74 and the natural density is 1.69 kg/cm³, what is the approximate weight of 1 cubic meter of soil?

The natural density is 1.69 kg/cm^3 as stated in the question, which is intended to represent 1.69 g/cm^3. This equals 1690 kg/m^3. Therefore, one cubic metre of soil weighs approximately 1690 kg.

Mass = density x volume. 1.69 g/cm^3 = 1690 kg/m^3, so for 1 m^3 1690 kg/m^3 x 1 m^3 = 1690 kg.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Assuming that the direct shear of soil is 0.05 kg/cm², how much shear force is exerted on a 10 cm x 10 cm area?

The area is 10 cm x 10 cm = 100 cm^2. The shear force is calculated by multiplying direct shear by the area: 0.05 kg/cm^2 × 100 cm^2 = 5 kg.

Shear force = shear stress x area = 0.05 kg/cm^2 x 100 cm^2 = 5 kg.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
If the rate of land surface temperature change is 0.1°C per year starting at 24.94°C in 2020, what will be the LST in 2024?

From 2020 to 2024, there are four years. At an increase of 0.1 per year, the total increase is 0.4. Therefore, 24.94 + 0.4 = 25.34.

Future LST = initial LST + (annual change x number of years) = 24.94 + (0.1 × 4) = 25.34.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What method does the study use to forecast future landslides?

The study uses ARIMA and SPSS forecasting to analyse historical time-series data and predict future landslide-related conditions or events.

ARIMA is a time-series forecasting method that uses autoregressive, differencing, and moving-average components. SPSS is used to implement and analyse the forecasting model.