| 1 |
What type of learning is discussed in relation to newborn infants in the context of sound sequences?
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Statistical learning |
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The researchers conducted the selfsame tests with several newborns, and collecting statistics.
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The researchers predict that the newborns have an innate mechanism for perceiving a musical beat.
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7 |
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| 2 |
According to the article, what is a critical measure for distinguishing evidence-based CGTs?
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Pre-marketing authorization by national regulatory bodies |
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the article explicitly states that cell and gene therapy becomes approved, it goes through the said measure
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The paper establishes a Pre-marketing authorisation by national regulatory bodies
"Once a CGT product has been shown to be safe and effective, it can receive marketing authorization by the respective regulatory agency."
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| 3 |
What specific role do 'tokens of legitimacy' play according to the article?
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Persuade patients of the safety and efficacy of unproven CGTs |
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Some clinics use the Tokens of Legitimacy to construct a façade of scientific validity.
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In the article, the 'Tokens of Legitimacy' is used by exploiting public databases (by registering into unapproved schemes on public clinical trials to trick patients into thinking the CGTs are federally approved). Secondly, it is used in another way: academic Mimicry (presenting an administrative or intellectual property milestones, eg. patent applications, or establishing a "Scientific Advisory Board"
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| 4 |
Which regulatory body is NOT mentioned in the article as a key player in CGT oversight?
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WHO |
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The article does not mention WHO being mentioned in CGT oversight
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WHO is a global advisory public health coordinating body; it doesn't approve commercial drug products for market sale.
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| 5 |
What does the ISCT oppose according to the article?
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Premature commercialization of unproven CGTs |
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In the Introduction section, it states that the ISCT along with other scientific peers has played an important role in opposing the premature commercialisation of unproven cell and gene based interventions.
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Premature commercialisation is viewed as a severe violation of medical ethics, for a benefit-to-risk balance of a therapy, drugs must be approved and independently authorised by a regulatory body.
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| 6 |
What term is used to describe items that make unproven CGTs appear valid?
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Tokens of Legitimacy |
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As explained in question three, and in the article, Tokens of Legitimacy are said to be used to argue and make unproven CGTs appear valid and authorised.
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The Tokens of Legitimacy are being utilised to make CGTs look approved and medically licensed by several methods as said in Table 1.
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| 7 |
Which platform is mentioned for registering research that might not be credible?
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ClinicalTrials.gov |
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In Table 1, it explicitly states that the US database ClinicalTrials.gov is being employed for registering
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The logic is that consumers or buyers will associate the CGTs as governmentally approved due to the '.gov' domain suffix
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| 8 |
According to the article, what is a risk associated with unproven CGTs?
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All of the above |
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The paper says the risks are of the following: exorbitant fees, misleading advertising, and siphoning traditional healtcare
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Unproven therapies use misleading advertising and fake tokens of legitimacy to attract patients without real scientific data. This also lures them away from approved, traditional healthcare. In addition, they are exorbitantly expensive, causing financial strains
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| 9 |
What does the article caution against?
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Direct-to-consumer marketing of unproven CGTs |
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The paper cautions of the DTC methods in the Introduction.
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It exploits vulnerability, inverts financial risks, and undermines safe medicine.
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| 10 |
What does CGT stand for in the context of the article?
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Cell and Gene Therapies |
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The expansion form of CGT is mentioned many times throughout the paper.
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Medically and lexically, the full-form of CGT in medical terms are Cell and Gene Therapy, or Cell and Gene Testing
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| 11 |
What is the main focus of the cell and gene therapies article?
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Evidence-based cell and gene therapies |
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In the introduction, the text states that it "opposes premature commercialisation of unproven cell and gene medication"
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It opposes unapproved medicine like CGT and highly supports traditional and approved healthcare
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| 12 |
What does the presence of a clear Mismatch Response (MMR) to beat and offbeat positions in an isochronous condition suggest about newborns' auditory capabilities?
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Advanced capabilities in detecting rhythm |
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In the Discussion, it states that there was a difference between the isochronous and offbeat perceptions by generating a larger MMR.
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To generate a larger MMR, the brain has to have a stronger internal expectation.
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| 13 |
Which physiological measure was primarily used to assess responses to sound sequences in the study?
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Electroencephalography (EEG) |
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In Section 2.4, it states that it uses an EEG procedure.
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It (EEG) was used to capture ERPs such as the MMR
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| 14 |
How does the article describe the relationship between statistical learning and beat processing in newborns?
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Completely independent |
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In Section 4, the authors explain that they are two different methods
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They are vastly different due to them being described as a different, and co-existing mechanism
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| 15 |
According to the study, why is the detection of a beat significant in newborns?
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It predicts future language skills |
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It explains it in the Introduction
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The perception of beats help newborns speak with an accent, break down syllables, and segment words
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| 16 |
What aspect of the sound was manipulated to test beat perception separately from statistical learning?
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Timing (isochronous vs jittered) |
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the authors elaborate that they manipulated the timing of sound in the Discussion
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to break the link between beat processing and statistical learning so they could study them seperately
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| 17 |
What does the mismatch response (MMR) indicate in newborn infants?
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Regularity violation detection |
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| 18 |
What experimental method was used to study the infants?
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EEG experiments |
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| 19 |
What was used to induce a beat in sound sequences during the study?
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Isochronous timing |
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| 20 |
What is a key outcome of beat perception studies in newborns?
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Indifference to rhythmic patterns |
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