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According to the article, which factor most strongly motivates the increasing use of artificial intelligence in mental health care?

People nowadays are glued to their phone screens, which create a vast amount of generated data for psychiatrists to analyze. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic further solidified the "digital revolution," where more and more people are using an online interface.

Moreno C, et al. "How Mental healthcare change as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic." Lancet Psychiatry 2021 (Page 2, Source 12)

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Which application of AI in mental health is primarily described as using passive data from smartphones and wearable devices?

Using large databases provided from wearable and portable devices, data taken from such databases can be analyzed thoroughly using AI, allowing psychiatrists to have a better insight on what is really going on in one person's mind, which is the core objective of Digital Phenotyping.

Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea (Page 2, source #6)

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What is a major methodological limitation of many AI-based mental health studies identified by the authors?

Small sample sizes from tiny databases are often unreliable, which skews the interpreted data and often leads to questionable results. Similarly, feeding a small dataset to an AI can generate unexpected answers due to lack of diversity within case data.

Bouderhen R. "Shaping the future of AI in healthcare through ethics and governance." Human Soc Sci Commun 2024

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Why is data privacy a particularly critical concern in AI-driven mental health applications?

Unlike other health-related data, mental health data is more sensitive, which presents the following questions of privacy, consent and data governance. Not only that, AI models are described to be "opaque," offering less interpretability, which causes physicians to rely less on artificial intelligence outputs.

Timmons AC, Duong JB et al. "A call on assessing and mitigating bias in artificial intelligence applications for mental health." Perspect Psychol SCi 2023.

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According to the article, how should AI systems ideally function within mental health care?

Complexity is added when it comes to reading human emotion, symptom presentation and interpreting help-seeking behavior. While one context may perform well accurately in another, causing a need for further, more inclusive AI development. Unlike humans, artificial intelligence lacks the capability to more effectively read a person's emotions.

Zhang Z et al. "Can AI replace psychotherapists? Exploring the future of healthcare." Front Psychiatry 2024.

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What is the primary source of algorithmic bias in AI mental health tools discussed in the article?

Biased datasets often fail to represent the diversity of the culture such datasets have been documented from.

Hanna M et al. Ethical and bias considerations in artificial intelligence/machine learning. Mod Pathol 2025; 38: 100686. (#117)

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Which future direction is most strongly recommended by the authors for advancing AI in mental health?

By increasing explainability and transparency when dealing with AI models, developers are held accountable to a higher standard. Doing so allows model trustworthiness to increase by a margin.

Kocak Bet al. Bias in artificial intelligence for medical imaging: fundamentals, detection, avoidance, mitigation, challenges, ethics, and prospects. Diagnost Intervent Radiol 2025 (#124)

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Why do the authors caution against overinterpreting AI-based mental health predictions as definitive diagnoses?

Unlike traditional tools for making interpretations, AI tools are more easily explained across multiple cultures, which raises concerns about reliability and credibility of such tools.

Joyce DW et al. Explainable artificial intelligence for mental health through transparency and interpretability for understandability. npj Digit Med 2023 (#130)

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How might AI unintentionally widen mental health disparities, according to the article?

Datasets that are often gathered from a few specific cultures often skew the AI's outputs when used on people of different racial groups, ethnicity or income groups.

Mautang T. The global and cultural context of using AI for mental health. (Source 98)

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Which statement best reflects the authors’ overall conclusion regarding AI in mental health?

Bias in algorithms, data safety concerns, cultural diversity are just a few issues that still act as constraints for AI to fully function as a widely available clinical tool used to assist in diagnosing patients.

Conclusion paragraph Source #105

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What is the primary function of mRNA in respiratory virus mRNA vaccines?

mRNA vaccines act as instructions for your cells to combat the virus through producing antibodies specific to that virus. Once the antibody has been "memorized," the immune system can utilize such antibodies to combat the virus.

This is how mRNA vaccines generally work, which has been demonstrated to be effective at preventing adverse symptoms from a virus.

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Why is antigen design a critical step in mRNA vaccine development?

Selecting an antigen directly correlates to the effectiveness of a vaccine. For instance, Moderna tested multiple RSV antigens, but all of them had different degrees of effectiveness. In the end, the DS-cav1 antigen was selected for vaccine production.

Espeseth AS,et al. Modified mRNA/lipid nanoparticle‐based vaccines expressing respiratory syncytial virus F protein variants are immunogenic and protective in rodent models of RSV infection. NPJ Vaccines. 2020 (Source 15)

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Why are lipid nanoparticles essential in mRNA vaccine formulations?

Lipid nanoparticles protect the mRNA payload through stable nanostructure, as well as reducing recognition by the body's MPS system, and clearance by renal filtration.

Hou et al. Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery. Nat Rev Mater. 2021 (source 27)

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Which immune response is directly activated when host cells express antigens encoded by mRNA vaccines?

When naked mRNA molecules were injected, a response including CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells were present.

Chaudhary N et al. mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021 (Source 14)

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What is a key objective of clinical studies for respiratory virus mRNA vaccines?

A trial ran using saRNA was ran and found out that it could potentially reduce the intake dose, therefore minimizing any potential side effects the mRNA vaccine can carry.

Oda Y et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a booster dose of a self‐amplifying RNA COVID‐19 vaccine (ARCT‐154) versus BNT162b2 mRNA COVID‐19 vaccine: a double‐blind, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3, non‐inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024

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Which challenge related to mRNA vaccines is highlighted in the article?

Universal resistance is caused by mutations in the viral structure or genome that can render certain vaccinations' effectiveness null and void. For example, the influenza virus has four different strains that resist certain viruses. More prominently, the SARS-COV2 has multiple strains aswell, which expresses immunity to certain vaccinations.

Source #39 on the article Source #17 on the article

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Compared with traditional vaccines, what advantage of mRNA vaccines is emphasized?

mRNA vaccines have shorter development cycles, which allows for faster design and emergency usage.

Source #7 (Wayment-Steele et al.)

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Why is long-term safety monitoring important for mRNA vaccines, according to the article?

Due to ongoing progress of mRNA vaccines in their design strategies, it is getting rarer and rarer to see certain side effects, however monitoring is still recommended.

Source #50 (Pardi N. et al)

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What future challenge in respiratory virus mRNA vaccine development is emphasized by the authors?

Immune responses were mentioned multiple times in the article, indicating that it is still an important challenge of producing future mRNA viruses, such as inflammatory responses.

Chudary N. et al (source 14) Figure 1

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Which statement best summarizes the authors’ perspective on respiratory virus mRNA vaccines?

Vaccines are highly time-effective through their short development cycles, ease of distribution and other mechanics, but still have their own problems such as unwanted immune responses.

Source #13 (Garcia-Beltran WF et al.), Source 18 (Carabelli et al.), Source 14 (Chudnary N et al.)