โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary goal of contact tracing in public health?

In order to stop the spread of infectious diseases, it is necessary to track down those who have come into contact with the first patient in order to inform them and warn them to seek diagnosis and treatment.

"Contact tracing is defined as: the systematic process of identifying, assessing, managing, and supporting contact persons of infectious individuals." WHO guideline on contact tracing [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024 Dec. 3, Concepts of contact tracing. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK611576/

โจทย์ ปรนัย
During the COVID-19 pandemic, what was one main reason people were motivated to isolate themselves after testing positive?

Once a person was tested positive for COVID-19, they likely recognize that they are now a carrier of disease that is potentially deadly to more vulnerable individuals. They likely feel a duty to keep themselves isolated as to avoid spreading the illness to others.

“I just didn’t want to further spread and infect people or harm people. I felt like you kind of have a personal responsibility to do what you can for the betterment of everyone.” DeLuca N, Caruso E, Gupta R, Kemmerer C, Coughlin R, Chan O, Vohra D, Oeltmann JE, Taylor MM, Moonan PK, Thorpe PG, Loosier PS; CDC COVID-19 Case Investigation and Contact Tracing Task Force; Haile G. Experiences with COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing: A qualitative analysis. SSM Qual Res Health. 2023 Jun;3:100244. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100244. Epub 2023 Mar 3. PMID: 36896252; PMCID: PMC9981264.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What method was commonly used for focus group discussions in the study on COVID-19 contact tracing?

A virtual video meeting was the most effective way as it allowed the focus groups to interact in real time while limiting contact that would potentially spread the disease.

"Virtual FGDs and interviews were recorded using secure video teleconferencing and conducted in English and Spanish." DeLuca N, Caruso E, Gupta R, Kemmerer C, Coughlin R, Chan O, Vohra D, Oeltmann JE, Taylor MM, Moonan PK, Thorpe PG, Loosier PS; CDC COVID-19 Case Investigation and Contact Tracing Task Force; Haile G. Experiences with COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing: A qualitative analysis. SSM Qual Res Health. 2023 Jun;3:100244. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100244. Epub 2023 Mar 3. PMID: 36896252; PMCID: PMC9981264.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What factor did NOT influence the success of case investigation and contact tracing according to the article?

The color of the facilities did not concern nor influence the views and experiences of the research participants and thus it did not influence the study.

DeLuca N, Caruso E, Gupta R, Kemmerer C, Coughlin R, Chan O, Vohra D, Oeltmann JE, Taylor MM, Moonan PK, Thorpe PG, Loosier PS; CDC COVID-19 Case Investigation and Contact Tracing Task Force; Haile G. Experiences with COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing: A qualitative analysis. SSM Qual Res Health. 2023 Jun;3:100244. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100244. Epub 2023 Mar 3. PMID: 36896252; PMCID: PMC9981264.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which demographic factor was reported to affect the experiences and behaviors of individuals regarding CI/CT?

According to the research, a few participants of a conservative background did not consider COVID-19 a serious disease and would take a less serious stance in prevention of disease's spread.

"...a few individuals who identified as conservative reported they did not consider COVID-19 a serious disease and would be less likely to take prevention measures if they test positive or were exposed in the future," DeLuca N, Caruso E, Gupta R, Kemmerer C, Coughlin R, Chan O, Vohra D, Oeltmann JE, Taylor MM, Moonan PK, Thorpe PG, Loosier PS; CDC COVID-19 Case Investigation and Contact Tracing Task Force; Haile G. Experiences with COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing: A qualitative analysis. SSM Qual Res Health. 2023 Jun;3:100244. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100244. Epub 2023 Mar 3. PMID: 36896252; PMCID: PMC9981264.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What did participants report feeling after learning they were exposed to COVID-19?

Learning that they tested positive for COVID-19, it is natural that they would be concerned for their own health along with the health of other who have come into contact with them.

"Some cases expressed concerns with the uncertainty of the disease and their health outcome (getting very sick, intubated, or dying)," DeLuca N, Caruso E, Gupta R, Kemmerer C, Coughlin R, Chan O, Vohra D, Oeltmann JE, Taylor MM, Moonan PK, Thorpe PG, Loosier PS; CDC COVID-19 Case Investigation and Contact Tracing Task Force; Haile G. Experiences with COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing: A qualitative analysis. SSM Qual Res Health. 2023 Jun;3:100244. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100244. Epub 2023 Mar 3. PMID: 36896252; PMCID: PMC9981264.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What was a common source of information for participants when they learned about their COVID-19 status?

During the study, participants received information from health providers, friends and family through phone calls, emails, websites and news channels.

"Both cases and contacts reported seeking information about COVID-19 from family, friends, health care providers, news channels, and websites." DeLuca N, Caruso E, Gupta R, Kemmerer C, Coughlin R, Chan O, Vohra D, Oeltmann JE, Taylor MM, Moonan PK, Thorpe PG, Loosier PS; CDC COVID-19 Case Investigation and Contact Tracing Task Force; Haile G. Experiences with COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing: A qualitative analysis. SSM Qual Res Health. 2023 Jun;3:100244. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100244. Epub 2023 Mar 3. PMID: 36896252; PMCID: PMC9981264.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following was NOT a method for collecting data in the study described?

A direct observation in the homes of the participants is not mentioned in the study. Along with the fact that it would be far too intrusive as well as violating many ethical guidelines to compromise the participants' privacy without notifying them.

DeLuca N, Caruso E, Gupta R, Kemmerer C, Coughlin R, Chan O, Vohra D, Oeltmann JE, Taylor MM, Moonan PK, Thorpe PG, Loosier PS; CDC COVID-19 Case Investigation and Contact Tracing Task Force; Haile G. Experiences with COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing: A qualitative analysis. SSM Qual Res Health. 2023 Jun;3:100244. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100244. Epub 2023 Mar 3. PMID: 36896252; PMCID: PMC9981264.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What ethical considerations were emphasized during the focus group discussions?

A a basic rule as outlined in the ethical considerations, the organizers of the study made sure to provide privacy and confidentiality to all participants. They also stated that all participants participated out of their own volition.

"Participation was voluntary, and all participants were provided privacy and confidentiality protections." DeLuca N, Caruso E, Gupta R, Kemmerer C, Coughlin R, Chan O, Vohra D, Oeltmann JE, Taylor MM, Moonan PK, Thorpe PG, Loosier PS; CDC COVID-19 Case Investigation and Contact Tracing Task Force; Haile G. Experiences with COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing: A qualitative analysis. SSM Qual Res Health. 2023 Jun;3:100244. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100244. Epub 2023 Mar 3. PMID: 36896252; PMCID: PMC9981264.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
How did the availability of self-tests in 2021 impact the public health response to COVID-19?

The availability of self-tests in 2021 allowed potential patients to test themselves instantly and see if they are effect and the appropriate measures for prevention or mitigation they should take thereof.

With the easily available nature of the COVID-19 self-test kits, it is only reasonable to assume that it greatly increased the speed to which the patients know weather they were infected or not.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is urban ecology primarily concerned with?

Urban ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment within cities and other human-dominated areas.

"Urban ecology applied many of the concepts of human ecology to the urban realm. The city was understood as an ecosystem wherein areas within the city experienced processes such as invasion and succession. This applied to the movement of migrant populations, particularly, in regard to a portion of the city being the location of successive waves of groups from different backgrounds moving through an area." P. McManus,Ecology,Editor(s): Rob Kitchin, Nigel Thrift,International Encyclopedia of Human Geography,Elsevier,2009,Pages 294-303,ISBN 9780080449104,https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008044910-4.00682-9(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080449104006829)

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which continent is noted as rapidly urbanizing within the study?

The study notes that Africa is particularly rapidly urbanizing.

"Recent studies have warned of the lack of information from certain regions, particularly Africa, which is rapidly urbanizing." Adewale G. Awoyemi, Juan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo, Status of urban ecology in Africa: A systematic review, Landscape and Urban Planning, Volume 233, 2023, 104707, ISSN 0169-2046, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104707. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204623000269)

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What significant bias is present in the study of urban ecology in Africa?

It is highlighted in the study that the wealth of the country significantly influences the amount of research done into the urban ecology there.

"In contrast, wealthier African countries have significantly investigated more on urban ecology." Adewale G. Awoyemi, Juan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo, Status of urban ecology in Africa: A systematic review, Landscape and Urban Planning, Volume 233, 2023, 104707, ISSN 0169-2046, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104707. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204623000269)

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What factor did the study NOT find influencing research efforts in African urban ecology?

Technological advancements were not mentioned as a variable in the study of African urban ecology, unlike the rest.

Adewale G. Awoyemi, Juan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo, Status of urban ecology in Africa: A systematic review, Landscape and Urban Planning, Volume 233, 2023, 104707, ISSN 0169-2046, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104707. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204623000269)

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which method was used to gather data for the study?

The study falls under the category of "review article" and thus they used the method of compiling information from other research and drawing conclusions from it.

"We performed a literature search in Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus on 8 March 2021..." Adewale G. Awoyemi, Juan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo, Status of urban ecology in Africa: A systematic review, Landscape and Urban Planning, Volume 233, 2023, 104707, ISSN 0169-2046, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104707. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204623000269)

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does the study suggest is needed for urban ecology research in Africa?

The author of the study makes it clear that it is necessary to redirect research studies regarding urban ecology in Africa.

"We need to redirect our priorities regarding urban ecology in Africa." Adewale G. Awoyemi, Juan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo, Status of urban ecology in Africa: A systematic review, Landscape and Urban Planning, Volume 233, 2023, 104707, ISSN 0169-2046, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104707. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204623000269)

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which country was mentioned as having the majority of the studies?

South Africa is stated as the origin of 40% of the research done into African urban ecology, which corrolates with the authors' conclusion regarding wealthier nations holding more influence on research publication.

"Studies were conducted in 72% of African countries, with South Africa alone accounting for almost 40% of all published papers." Adewale G. Awoyemi, Juan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo, Status of urban ecology in Africa: A systematic review, Landscape and Urban Planning, Volume 233, 2023, 104707, ISSN 0169-2046, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104707. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204623000269)

โจทย์ ปรนัย
How did the study categorize the geographic biases in research?

It can be seen that the study sites concerning urban ecology are almost exclusively close to the coasts of the continent of Africa.

Fig. 3. The distribution of urban ecological studies across African countries. Adewale G. Awoyemi, Juan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo, Status of urban ecology in Africa: A systematic review, Landscape and Urban Planning, Volume 233, 2023, 104707, ISSN 0169-2046, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104707. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204623000269)

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is a key recommendation from the study for improving urban ecology research in Africa?

As stated from the outset of the study, there is a lack of transnational collaboration on African urban ecology research. This is something the authors have strongly recommended be improved.

"...it also highlights the lack of transnational collaboration among African countries. This low level of international research both within Africa..." Adewale G. Awoyemi, Juan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo, Status of urban ecology in Africa: A systematic review, Landscape and Urban Planning, Volume 233, 2023, 104707, ISSN 0169-2046, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104707. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204623000269)

โจทย์ ปรนัย
According to the study, what impacts the number of publications in African urban ecology?

The higher the country's GDP, the more research about urban ecology are produced from that country. As is stated in the wealthier the country, the higher amount of research leading to bias.

"...research effort significantly increased with higher GDP," Adewale G. Awoyemi, Juan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo, Status of urban ecology in Africa: A systematic review, Landscape and Urban Planning, Volume 233, 2023, 104707, ISSN 0169-2046, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104707. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204623000269)