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What is the main advantage of using nanomaterials in electrochemical sensors for medical diagnostics?

Nanomaterials have a very large surface area and great electrical properties due to it is very small. This helps the sensor catch tiny amounts of disease markers more easily. So, they make the sensor more sensitive and better at finding problems early.

As stated in Jalalvand & Karami (2025), “Nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes, and graphene enhance the performance of diagnostic sensors by increasing surface area, improving signal transduction, and enabling real-time monitoring.” (Page 6)

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Which of the following nanomaterials is frequently mentioned as enhancing sensor conductivity?

Gold nanoparticles are often used in electrochemical sensors because they have excellent electrical conductivity. They help transfer electrons faster, which makes the sensor more sensitive and better at detecting small signals.

As stated in Jalalvand & Karami (2025), “Gold nanoparticles have been widely used in sensor development due to their excellent conductivity and ability to enhance electron transfer.” (Page 13)

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Why are carbon-based nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) useful in electrochemical sensors?

Carbon nanotubes help electrons move faster in the sensor and make the sensor stronger and more stable. That’s why they’re great for making sensors more accurate and durable.

As stated in Jalalvand & Karami (2025), “The CNTs offer excellent electrical conductivity and a large surface area, facilitating efficient electron transfer and providing a robust platform for enhanced sensor function.” (Page 7)

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What is one challenge in integrating nanotechnology with electrochemical sensors for medical use?

It’s hard to make nanomaterials that always behave the same. Tiny changes in size or shape can affect how the sensor works. That’s why reproducibility and standardization are big challenges.

“Variability in the synthesis and fabrication of nanomaterials can lead to inconsistent sensor responses… Ensuring reproducibility and standardization is essential for reliable integration.” (Jalalvand & Karami, 2025) (Page 17)

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Which technique is commonly used to enhance the signal in nanotechnology-based electrochemical sensors?

Enzymes labeling boosts the signal by producing a detectable reaction when the target molecule is present. It helps sensors respond more strongly, making it easier to detect small amounts.

“Enzymes are often immobilized on nanomaterial surfaces to enhance sensitivity by amplifying the signal output during target detection.” (Jalalvand & Karami, 2025) (Page7 and 14)

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Why is biocompatibility crucial in designing electrochemical sensors for medical diagnostics?

Biocompatibility means the sensor can safely work inside the body. If it’s not biocompatible, it can cause toxicity or the body might reject it. So, it’s important to make sure sensors don’t harm the patient.

“Some nanomaterials may elicit immune responses or exhibit cytotoxicity, limiting their use in medical diagnostics. Thorough biocompatibility testing and the development of biocompatible coatings are necessary to mitigate potential adverse effects on patients.” (Jalalvand & Karami, 2025) (page18)

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How do label-free electrochemical sensors differ from labeled ones?

Label-free sensors detect the target directly. They don’t need extra labels, dyes, or markers to signal detection, which makes them faster, simpler, and more cost-effective.

“Sensing elements are required to process in situ/on-site detection of specific targets using label-free approaches in a single step.” (Yucel et al., 2025) (Page 3)

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What is one promising application of nanotech-based electrochemical sensors?

Nanotech sensors are very sensitive. They can detect tiny amounts of disease markers in the body early before symptoms even appear, making treatment more effective.

“Nanotechnology enhanced electrochemical sensors offer new solutions for early disease detection, continuous health monitoring, and personalized medicine.” (Jalalvand & Karami, 2025) (page2)

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Which of the following factors most directly affects the sensor's detection limit?

A higher surface-to-volume ratio gives more area for the sensor to interact with tiny targets. This helps the sensor detect even very low amounts, improving the detection limit.

“For instance, gold nanoparticles can enhance the electrochemical signal by providing a large surface area for the immobilization of biomolecules, leading to higher sensitivity in detecting low-abundance biomarkers.” (Jalalvand & Karami, 2025) (page 3)

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What is one of the primary goals of using digital sensing technologies in cancer care?

Digital sensing helps doctors find cancer early and match treatment to the patient’s needs. It gives real-time, personal data that makes care faster and more accurate.

“Digital sensor platforms… offer novel opportunities for early detection of disease and personalized treatment strategies.” (Yucel et all, 2025) (Page 2)

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Which type of sensor is often used to monitor physical activity in cancer patients?

Accelerometers measure movement, so they are used to track how much a cancer patient moves during the day. This helps doctors monitor recovery, fatigue, and overall health.

“One example is a study conducted by Panda et al., which utilizes smartphone accelerometers to track post-surgical recovery among cancer patients, offering a more personalized and objective measure of physical activity” (Yucel et al, 2025) (Page 15)

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Why are patient-reported outcomes important in digital cancer care systems?

Sensors give physical data (like heart rate), but patient-reported outcomes add personal feedback like pain, fatigue, or mood. This gives a fuller picture of the patient’s health.

“…. these technologies are poised to become an integral part of cancer diagnosis and treatment, potentially transforming oncology practices and enhancing patient outcomes worldwide.” (Yucel et al, 2025) (Page 16)

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What is one major advantage of real-time digital sensing in cancer treatment?

Real-time sensors let doctors see changes in a patient’s health right away. This helps catch problems early and act quickly to avoid serious issues.

“Another breakthrough study revealed that web-based symptom monitoring for lung cancer patients’ post-treatment resulted in notably higher two-year survival rates than traditional follow-up methods, enabling timely interventions based on real-time symptom reporting.” (Yucel et al, 2025) (Page 15)

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Which of the following is a key barrier to implementing digital sensing in routine oncology practice?

Many patients and healthcare workers may not fully understand how to use digital tools. This lack of digital skills can slow down the use of new sensing technologies in cancer care.

“Additionally, the development of cost-effective, user-friendly devices could drive adoption, especially in decentralized and resource-limited settings.” (Yucel et al, 2025) (Page 15)

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Which stakeholders are considered central to the adoption of digital cancer care platforms?

Patients and healthcare providers are the main users of digital tools. Their understanding, trust, and use of the technology are key to making digital cancer care work.

“Recent clinical implementations of digital sensor platforms underscore their growing success in oncology, highlighting both current achievements and the promising future of technology-driven cancer” (Yucel et al, 2025) (Page 15)

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Digital sensing systems collect which combination of data types for cancer care optimization?

These systems use data from devices (like heart rate or movement) and also ask patients how they feel (like pain or fatigue). Together, this helps doctors give better and more personalized care.

“Digital platforms provide significant data for remote patient monitoring and early detection of adverse events through the evaluation of patients’ data.” (Yucel et al, 2025) (Page 12)

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How do digital sensors contribute to improving the quality of life in cancer patients?

Digital sensors help track a patient’s health in real-time. This lets doctors notice problems early and adjust treatment quickly, which improves the patient’s comfort and outcome.

“Wearable sensors can monitor patients’ responses to therapies… allow real-time adjustments to treatment regimens, improving outcomes and quality of life for patients.” (Yucel et al, 2025) (Page 9)

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What does the article suggest about the future direction of digital sensing in cancer care?

The article says that digital sensors will play a big role in early detection and personalized treatment. This helps doctors care for each patient based on their own data and symptoms.

“ Digital sensor platforms have considerable ethical and privacy concerns that necessitate thorough examination to foster patient confidence and facilitate successful implementation for oncological diagnosis. These concerns are primarily centered on the application of AI, the safeguarding of data privacy,….) (Yucel et al, 2025) (Page 16)

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Based on the diagram, which of the following would most likely result in a false signal output in an electrochemical sensor for medical diagnostics?

The transducer’s role is to convert chemical changes into an electrical signal. If the material is non-conductive, it cannot transfer electrons, which would disrupt the signal and likely lead to false or missing output.

“Optical biosensors are combinations of a bioreceptor and a transducer to produce electrical signals from target molecules…” and “The transformation… is accomplished via… nanomaterial-modified electrodes…” page 2 (Jalalvand and Karami,2025)

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Based on the image, which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the advantage of using emerging digital platforms in cancer diagnostics?

The best answer is Option 3 because it shows how new digital tools can quickly find cancer signs like proteins from just a small blood sample. These tools, like chip-based sensors, work fast and don’t need surgery or lab work. They help doctors get results in minutes, which makes cancer testing easier, faster, and less painful.

(Yucel et al, 2025) (Page 6)