| 1 |
What is the primary goal of using multimodal transportation in logistics as per the discussed research?
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To minimize transportation costs and risks while delivering on time. |
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The research emphasizes that multimodal transportation is used to optimize routes based on cost, time, and risk. The system aims to combine different transport modes efficiently (like road, rail, sea) to reduce expenses and improve delivery reliability.
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The study “Multi-objective Optimization of Freight Route Choices in Multimodal Transportation”
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| 2 |
Which method is primarily used for decision-making in multimodal transportation route selection?
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A combination of AHP and ZOGP. |
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The study uses AHP to prioritize multiple criteria such as cost, risk, and time. Then, ZOGP (Zero-One Goal Programming) is applied to select the optimal route based on these priorities. This combination helps in making structured and efficient decisions.
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The study “Multi-objective Optimization of Freight Route Choices in Multimodal Transportation”
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| 3 |
According to the case study, what is the primary commodity considered for transportation?
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Coal. |
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In the case study presented in the article, coal is identified as the main commodity for which the multimodal transportation route optimization was applied. The logistics decisions, including route selection and mode combination (e.g., rail + road), were analyzed based on the characteristics and demand pattern of coal transport.
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The study “Multi-objective Optimization of Freight Route Choices in Multimodal Transportation”
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What is the role of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the multimodal transportation decision support model?
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To establish weights for different criteria based on expert judgment. |
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In the decision support model, AHP is used to help decision-makers prioritize multiple criteria (such as cost, time, risk) by conducting pairwise comparisons. The process translates subjective expert opinions into quantitative weights that are then used in the optimization phase.
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The study “Multi-objective Optimization of Freight Route Choices in Multimodal Transportation”
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| 5 |
Which risk is NOT considered in the list of risks assessed for multimodal transportation route selection?
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Health risk. |
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The article identifies several key risks in multimodal transportation—such as freight damage, security, financial, and legal risks—because they directly affect the safety, cost, and legality of transporting goods.
However, health risk is not included, since the study focuses on logistics and freight systems, not human health impacts.
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The study “Multi-objective Optimization of Freight Route Choices in Multimodal Transportation”
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| 6 |
What does ZOGP stand for, and what is its role in the model?
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Zero-One Goal Programming - It's used to solve the optimal route selection problem. |
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ZOGP (Zero-One Goal Programming) is a type of mathematical optimization technique where decision variables are restricted to binary values (0 or 1).
In the context of multimodal transportation, it is used to choose the best combination of routes that meet multiple goals (e.g., low cost, short time, low risk) under given constraints.
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The study “Multi-objective Optimization of Freight Route Choices in Multimodal Transportation”
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| 7 |
Which of the following is NOT a mode of transport discussed in the multimodal transportation case study?
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All are discussed. |
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The case study presented in the article analyzes and compares several transportation modes rail, road, sea, and air as part of a multimodal logistics system. Each mode is evaluated for its cost, time efficiency, and associated risks. Therefore, all listed modes are included in the discussion.
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The study “Multi-objective Optimization of Freight Route Choices in Multimodal Transportation”
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| 8 |
In the context of the AHP used in the study, what does a consistency ratio (CR) less than 0.1 indicate?
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The judgments are sufficiently consistent. |
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In the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the Consistency Ratio (CR) is used to measure how logically consistent the pairwise comparison judgments are.
A CR < 0.1 (or 10%) indicates that the comparisons are reliable and acceptable for use in decision-making.
If CR is much higher, it means there may be contradictions in the judgments and they should be reviewed.
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The study “Multi-objective Optimization of Freight Route Choices in Multimodal Transportation”
AHP uses pairwise comparisons to generate a weight matrix. The Consistency Index (CI) and Random Consistency Index (RI) are used to calculate CR:
CR = CI/RI
CR < 0.1 is the standard threshold for reliable judgments.
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| 9 |
What is the primary purpose of sensitivity analysis in the context of the ZOGP model used in the study?
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To check the robustness of the model's outcomes against changes in input parameters. |
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In the ZOGP model, sensitivity analysis is used to determine how changes in input factors affect the optimal route selection.
This ensures that the model’s outcomes are stable and reliable, even when some assumptions or data inputs vary slightly.
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The study “Multi-objective Optimization of Freight Route Choices in Multimodal Transportation”
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| 10 |
Which of the following best describes the role of multimodal transportation in global trade according to the study?
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It is essential for making local industry and international trade more efficient and competitive. |
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The study highlights that multimodal transportation plays a crucial role in enhancing global trade by:
Improving logistics efficiency
Reducing costs and delivery times
Supporting both local industries and international trade competitiveness
By integrating various modes (road, rail, sea, air), multimodal systems enable smoother, faster, and more cost-effective movement of goods.
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The study “Multi-objective Optimization of Freight Route Choices in Multimodal Transportation”
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| 11 |
What is the main natural cause of landslides along the Jammu-Srinagar National Highway?
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Prolonged precipitation |
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According to the article “ARIMA and SPSS statistics based assessment of landslide occurrence in western Himalayas”, the primary natural trigger for landslides in the Jammu–Srinagar area is prolonged and intense rainfall.
Heavy and sustained precipitation causes soil saturation, leading to a reduction in slope stability and eventual failure, especially in already fragile mountainous terrains.
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The study “ARIMA and SPSS statistics based assessment of landslide occurrence in western Himalayas”
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| 12 |
According to the article, what technology is used to assess landslide-prone areas along the highway?
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Remote sensing and ARIMA modeling |
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The study combines remote sensing data (e.g., satellite imagery) with ARIMA time-series modeling in SPSS to identify and predict landslide occurrences along the Jammu–Srinagar highway. Remote sensing provides spatial information on slope and vegetation, while ARIMA captures the temporal patterns of rainfall and landslide events.
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The study “ARIMA and SPSS statistics based assessment of landslide occurrence in western Himalayas”
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| 13 |
What is the relationship between land surface temperature (LST) and underground water level mentioned in the study?
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Inversely proportional |
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The study highlights that as underground water levels decrease, the land surface temperature (LST) tends to increase, showing an inverse relationship. This is because low groundwater levels reduce soil moisture, which limits evaporative cooling and causes surface temperatures to rise—contributing to slope instability.
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The study “ARIMA and SPSS statistics based assessment of landslide occurrence in western Himalayas”
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| 14 |
How is the threshold value for landslide triggering determined as per the study?
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Using field surveys and geotechnical parameters |
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According to the article, the threshold for landslide occurrence is established through field-based surveys and by analyzing geotechnical factors. These real-world parameters help determine the critical point beyond which slope failure is likely.
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The study “ARIMA and SPSS statistics based assessment of landslide occurrence in western Himalayas”
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| 15 |
If the mean monthly rainfall in April is 150 mm and it increases by 20% in May, what is the mean monthly rainfall in May?
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180 mm |
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Increase = (150)(20/100) =30 mm
May Rainfall = 150 +30 = 180 mm
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Percentage Increase = (Original Value × Percent) / 100
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| 16 |
Given that the slope angle in a studied section is 45 degrees and the friction angle (phi) is 11 degrees, what is the ratio of friction angle to slope angle?
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0.24 |
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Friction angle/Slope angle = 11/45
11/45 ≈ 0.244
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In landslide susceptibility analysis, the ratio between the friction angle (ϕ) and slope angle (β) is one of the indicators used to assess slope stability. A lower ratio indicates a higher potential for failure.
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| 17 |
If the specific gravity of soil is 2.74 and the natural density is 1.69 kg/cm³, what is the approximate weight of 1 cubic meter of soil?
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1690 kg |
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(1.69 kg/cm^3 )(1,000,000 cm^3) = 1690 kg
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Mass = Density × Volume
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| 18 |
Assuming that the direct shear of soil is 0.05 kg/cm², how much shear force is exerted on a 10 cm x 10 cm area?
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5 kg |
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F = (0.05 kg/cm^2)(100cm^2)
F = 5 kg
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Shear Force (F) = Shear Stress (τ) × Area (A)
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| 19 |
If the rate of land surface temperature change is 0.1°C per year starting at 24.94°C in 2020, what will be the LST in 2024?
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25.34°C |
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Increase = (0.1)(4) =0.4 C
LST in 2024 = 24.94 + 0.4 = 25.34 C
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Future Value = Initial Value + (Rate * Time)
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| 20 |
What method does the study use to forecast future landslides?
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ARIMA and SPSS Forecasting Model |
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The study uses ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) together with SPSS statistical software to analyze past landslide data and predict future occurrences based on time series trends.
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The study “ARIMA and SPSS statistics based assessment of landslide occurrence in western Himalayas”
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