โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following best describes the concept of "beat perception" as it relates to the auditory capabilities of newborn infants?

In the study, the newborns had a higher MMR (brain response to something unexpected) when the sounds were off-beat.

Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities

โจทย์ ปรนัย
According to the research, what experimental method is used to differentiate beat perception from statistical learning in newborns?

Infants respond differently to rhythmically deviant sounds, opposed to the response found in the control, despite equal transition probabilities. This means that the difference in EEG readings were caused by the ability of newborns to perceive beat, without help from transitional probabilities.

Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does the mismatch response (MMR) in EEG studies indicate about newborns' auditory processing?

The MMR in newborns EEG readings appears when there is a violation of an expected rhythmic structure in a sound sequence, which indicates that newborns detect deviations from regular temporal patterns, even with the same transitional probabilities in the sound sequences.

Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does the term "statistical learning" refer to in the context of auditory processing in newborns?

Statistical Learning refers to the method of learning that the brain uses to detect patterns. For example, babies can learn words with 2 syllables or learn how to differentiate separate words in a sentence due to how often a sound comes after another. In the instance of beat processing, a rhythmic sound may be followed up with another rhythmic sound very often as the sounds have a high transitional probability and the brain would learn to expect the second rhythmic sound after the first.

Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which condition in the EEG study did NOT result in a differentiation between beat and offbeat responses in newborns?

In the results, there were no significantly larger MMRs between beat and offbeat responses. Without regular timings, the infants did not process the beat eventhough the sound transitions were the same.

Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which neural mechanism is thought to underlie the synchronization of movement to a beat?

The coordination of movement to a beat is called rhythmic entrainment and the coordination has been thought of resulting from the coupling of internal low frequency oscillations in auditory and motor areas with the external rhythmic signal.

Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities

โจทย์ ปรนัย
How does beat perception in newborns relate to their later musical abilities?

Beat perception in considered a fundamental component of musical capacity and the research suggests that beat processing is functional at birth. The implications of the beat processing might be a prerequisite for future musical skills and the ability to dance and make music.

Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explains by statistical learning based on transition probabilities

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary purpose of using EEG in studies of auditory processing in newborns?

The EEG measures the infants' MMR which is a brain response to a violation, or something unexpected, in a sequence, in this case, sound sequences.

Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does an isochronous condition in an auditory study typically involve?

A rhythmic sequence with an isochronous condition means that the sequence of sounds are equally spaced (equal rests in between each sound).

Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which auditory feature is NOT directly studied in the newborn auditory processing research?

In newborns, beat perception was directly studied by showing how newborns responded to deviant sound sequences, statistical learning was directly studied using transitional probabilities, rhythmic entrainment is how the brain processes temporal regularities (spacing), and melody recognition where studies show newborns can detect pitch changes. Language comprehension is not directly studied as it involves grammar and understanding meaning, which would develop later in childhood, and not yet in newborns.

Winkleret al. 2009, Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What term is used to describe the appearance of scientific credibility used in the marketing of unproven cell-based therapies?

Tokens of Scientific Legitimacy are marketing strategies that appear to imply a treatment that is more backed with scientific evidence than what actually exists, which may mislead patients into choosing these treatments.

International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products

โจทย์ ปรนัย
According to the article, which of the following is NOT a recognized reporting mechanism for adverse effects from cell and gene therapies?

Whilst the rest are report mechanisms, ClinicalTrials.gov is a federal database used for registering clinical research and trials.

International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What ethical consideration is primarily challenged by direct-to-consumer marketing of unproven cell and gene therapies?

Patients may not understand the extent of unproven interventions and the insufficient scientific evidence to support clinical use, as well as the mechanisms and safety of the treatment. These interventions are offered without sufficient pre-clinical data to suggest an expected benefit, so inadequate information is disclosed to patients.

International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What key feature differentiates proven CGT products from unproven ones according to regulatory standards?

Regulatory bodies give authorization when they have sufficient evidence that a CGT product is safe and can have benefits (favourable benefit to risk ratio), which without a valid pre-clinical trial, a characteristic of unproven clinical trials, regulatory bodies cannot give.

International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following is a risk associated with unproven CGT products highlighted in the article?

With inadequate information disclosed to patients, they are exposed to potential health risks caused by potentially unsafe interventions.

International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of unproven CGT products as discussed in the article?

Regulatory Agencies require evidence that the treatment has good benefits and appropriate pre-clinical data which unproven CGTs do not have.

International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products

โจทย์ ปรนัย
How do regulatory bodies like the FDA and EMA ensure the safety of CGT products?

To ensure safety, CGT products must have a comprehensive evaluation for the quality, safety, and effectiveness under the oversight of authorized regulatory agencies.

International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary goal of the ISCT's position on cell and gene therapies as mentioned in the article?

Since it's inception, the ISCT has opposed unproven, prematurely commercialized cell and cell-based products with unknown safety and efficacy, which may danger people, and supported the development of evidence-based interventions

International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is a potential consequence for patients using unproven CGT products?

Without adequate pre-clinical trials or evidence, the risks and outcome of the intervention may not be explored, or fully understood before being given to patients, who may have not been given enough information. The unknown results may cause serious adverse effects.

International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What role does the ISCT play in the context of cell and gene therapies?

The ISCT support regulatory bodies and advocate for patient safety, but are not a regulatory body in itself. The main goal of the ISCT is to help develop and support proven CGT products, and oppose the premature commercialization of unproven therapies.

International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products