โจทย์ ปรนัย
What percentage of the PCPs examined contained UV filters?

It shows in the Table 1. Summary on the frequency of occurrence and proportion of products containing three dominant chemical functions.

Empty Cell Products Examined Products containing fragrances Products containing preservatives Products containing UV filters Number (%) Number (%) Number (%) Number (%) Skin care products 105 (57) 73 (69.5) 53 (50.5) 92 (88) Rinse-off products 60 (32) 42 (70) 51 (85) 0 Make-up products 20 (11) 5 (25) 7 (35) 15 (75) Total 185 120(65) 111(60) 107 (58) In reference to Table 1, it can be observed that skin care products are the largest category, with 57% of the 185 PCPs examined in this study. This category includes a wide range of products from body lotion, hand lotions, face creams and sunscreens. These products are known to contain various UV filters for skin protection, countless fragrances and preservatives to prolong the shelf lives of the products. This is supported by the results in Table 1, with over 80% of the 105 skin care products found to contain UV-filters while approximately 70% of these products contained fragrances.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following is NOT a category of PCPs mentioned in the study?

It doesn't show in the Table 1.

3.1. Database analysis of personal care products in South Africa The developed database of PCP ingredients (as found in South Africa) was made up of a total of 185 personal care products. In summary, the PCPs analysed in this study were divided into three categories i.e. skin care products, rinse-off products and make-up products, as illustrated in Table 1.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which ingredient is commonly used as a preservative in PCPs?

Phenoxyethanol is the most used preservative in the article’s dataset (47.8% of products).

3.3. Preservatives in personal care products Preservatives are used in PCPs to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and fungi, thereby increasing the shelf life of a product. Table 3 summarises the occurrence of 13 commonly used preservatives in Personal Care Products. Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of preservatives in PCPs classified into skin care, rinse-off and make-up products. Preservatives Skincare Products (n = 53) Rinse-off products (n = 51) Make-Up (n = 7) Total (n = 111) Total% Methyl paraben 14 6 4 24 21.6 Triclocarban 0 0 0 0 0.0 Propyl paraben 12 2 3 17 15.3 Ethyl paraben 10 3 1 14 12.6 Butylparaben 9 0 2 11 9.9 Potasium sorbate 11 25 1 37 33.3 DMDM Hydantoin 2 5 0 7 6.3 Sodium benzoate 16 23 1 40 36.0 Benzoic acid 4 2 0 6 5.4 Phenoxyethanol 35 13 5 53 47.8 Imidazolidinyl urea 4 2 1 7 6.3 Triclosan 0 0 0 0 0.0 Methylchloroisothiazolinone/ Methylisothiazolinone 0 16 0 16 14.4

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What was the primary aim of the study discussed in the article?

The research found that "Harmful fragrances such alpha-isomethyl ionone and butylphenyl methylpropional, which were found to be present in over 16% of the studied PCPs. These fragrances are reportedly skin sensitizers and toxic to aquatic life. On the other hand, there are fragrances such as limonene and linalool, which were found to be present in over 70% of the examined PCPs. These fragrances are reportedly weak allergens and that rationalizes their predominant use in the formulation of PCPs." this causes harm to people and environment.

A database of the constituent chemical ingredients of PCPs, as found in the South African market has been created. Analysis of the database revealed that there are predominant chemicals which function as preservatives, fragrances, and UV-filters in the formulation of these PCPs. Results reported in this study provide evidence that some of the PCPs available in the South African market contain ingredients that are reportedly harmful to the environment and restricted by regulatory bodies. These include harmful fragrances such alpha-isomethyl ionone and butylphenyl methylpropional, which were found to be present in over 16% of the studied PCPs. These fragrances are reportedly skin sensitizers and toxic to aquatic life. On the other hand, there are fragrances such as limonene and linalool, which were found to be present in over 70% of the examined PCPs. These fragrances are reportedly weak allergens and that rationalizes their predominant use in the formulation of PCPs. Furthermore, endocrine-disruptive preservatives such as triclosan and triclocarban are omitted from ingredient labels of some PCPs but continue to be detected in the effluent of multiple WWTP in South Africa, despite their ban. This study has therefore revealed some inconsistencies and gaps in chemical regulation of PCPs in South Africa. Therefore, this study strengthens the need for more stringent regulations on product labelling, product testing and hazardous chemical regulation of PCPs in South Africa. Such detailed information on product information will not only ensure adherence to environmental regulations but will also provide useful information to consumers about the quality and health effects of the products they use in their daily lives.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following fragrances is considered a weak allergen but found frequently in PCPs?

It states in the conclusion paragraph that limonene and linalool are reportedly weak allergens.

On the other hand, there are fragrances such as limonene and linalool, which were found to be present in over 70% of the examined PCPs. These fragrances are reportedly weak allergens and that rationalizes their predominant use in the formulation of PCPs.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does the term 'emerging pollutants' refer to in the context of the study?

Chapters and Articles stated that "The threat lies in the fact that the environmental and human toxicology of most of these compounds have not yet been studied and in the fact that many of these compounds are not or cannot be tested for in municipal water systems.In addition, when these contaminants pass through drinking water treatment systems, by-products are generated whose chemical properties are as yet undetermined. Biological emerging contaminants are discussed, which are also of significant concern."

The second objective was to investigate the existence of PCP ingredients which are prohibited and/ restricted by regulatory bodies/ legislations. The envisioned contribution of this study is to provide consumers with knowledge about emerging contaminants in PCPs and information about harmful chemical ingredients in PCPs. In addition, the developed PCP database can provide South African policymakers and environmental regulatory bodies with critical and relevant information about the occurrence of harmful PCP ingredients in the market. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/emerging-contaminant#chapters-articles

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What percentage of skin care products examined contained fragrances?

The result of Table 2 shows that linalool occurs mostly in skin care products (68.5%), so 69.5% is the best match.

These fragrances are reportedly weak allergens this explains their high occurrence in most of the PCPs. Notably, limonene frequently occurs in rinse-off products (90.5%) while linalool occurs mostly in skin care products (68.5%). This is because limonene also acts as a solvent to enhance the cleaning properties of a product.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
According to the study, which substance is toxic to aquatic life and can affect fertility?

Alpha-isomethyl ionone is toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects while butylphenyl methylpropional has the potential to affect fertility and can cause harm to a fetus during pregnancy, but there's no substances that cause both harm. I will choose Butylphenyl Methylpropional because it's more serious in context of human health.

Fragrances such as alpha-isomethyl ionone and butylphenyl methylpropional are restricted by the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) but were found to be present in over 25 PCPs in this investigation. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that frequently used fragrances have the potential to contaminate aquatic systems due to their potential high discharge into the environment through wastewater. These chemicals are reportedly skin sensitizers; hence they are restricted. In addition, alpha-isomethyl ionone is toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects while butylphenyl methylpropional has the potential to affect fertility and can cause harm to a fetus during pregnancy.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Based on the study, which regulatory action is recommended due to the detection of harmful ingredients in PCPs despite their ban?

There are problems with how personal care products (PCPs) are listed, both in the country and international. Some companies sell these products without listing all the ingredients, which makes it hard for customers to know what they’re buying and choose safely.

In light of the above background, it is evident that there are gaps in the proper regulation of PCPs both at national and international levels. Some manufacturers place PCPs in the market with missing ingredient information, thus limiting consumers from making informed decisions upon purchasing the products. The lack of set rules and regulations around PCP labelling and inconsistency in chemical regulation promotes the distribution of harmful chemicals into the environment. The first objective of the current study was to examine PCP ingredients, as listed on the product labels. This task was conducted to identify the presence of environmentally toxic chemicals in PCPs available in South Africa. The second objective was to investigate the existence of PCP ingredients which are prohibited and/ restricted by regulatory bodies/ legislations. The envisioned contribution of this study is to provide consumers with knowledge about emerging contaminants in PCPs and information about harmful chemical ingredients in PCPs. In addition, the developed PCP database can provide South African policymakers and environmental regulatory bodies with critical and relevant information about the occurrence of harmful PCP ingredients in the market.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What are the potential health risks associated with chemicals in PCPs as mentioned in the study?

Some chemicals in PCPs product such as parabens, phthalates, and UV filters, can mimic hormones, also known as hormone mimics (hormone-mimicking chemicals).

The wide environmental occurrence of Personal Care Products (PCPs) is prompted by their daily use in various consumer goods. These products include cosmetics, body washes, perfumes and lotions; which are used to either cleanse or enhance one’s body appearance. The great consumption of these products has led to their continuous release into the environment, which consequently threatens ecosystems and human health. The reported health risks associated with chemical ingredients in PCPs (such as ultraviolet (UV) filters, parabens, and phthalates) include potential endocrine disruption and exhibition of estrogenic activity [1], [2].

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary purpose of Process Analytical Technology (PAT)?

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which technology is often combined with reliable in-line sensors to enhance PAT systems?

MSMs are used to process large amounts of complex, multi-dimensional data collected from sensors in PAT systems. They help interpret relationships between variables that cannot be captured by simple one-variable analysis.

Multivariate models (like PCA, PLS) are widely used in PAT for real-time prediction and control. The article emphasizes MSMs as essential for extracting valuable information from high-volume sensor data. (Ref:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921883123001188, section on Data Processing and Modeling).

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does data fusion primarily help improve in PAT systems?

By combining multiple sensor signals, data fusion reduces uncertainty, improves detection accuracy, and allows stronger predictive models.

3.2. Low-level data fusion Data from all sources can simply concatenated into a single matrix (rows as samples and columns as variables), and then the new matrix will be used for calculating a single model using classification or prediction models. This method is called a low-level fusion which is very simple. In doing a low-level data fusion, the analyst must decide which variables are expected to be more relevant to the problem. This process is called variable selection by which uninformative variables with excessive noise or the ones non-correlated to the property of interest can be discarded before further analysis. Stepwise Selection (e.g. Forward Stepwise or Backward Stepwise) [130], is one method of variable selection where variables are chosen to enter or leave the model following a selected criterion. On the other hand, regions of variables can be selected instead of single variables when data are highly correlated. For instance, performing Forward/Reverse Variable Selection of Variable Intervals can be done by Interval PLS (iPLS) [131]. Genetic Algorithms (GAs) [132], Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) variable selection [133], Clustering around Latent Variables (CLV) [134], and Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) [124] are among other variable selection methods.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which is NOT a listed advantage of continuous processing of powdered and granule products?

Financial services are not a technical or manufacturing-related benefit. The article focuses on process-related improvements like efficiency, safety, and quality—not business operations like finance.

4.1. Multi-sensors data fusion for the prediction of CQAs By applying multi-spectroscopic data fusion, homogeneity evaluation of a wider range of powders could be possible (Fig. 12). The accuracy of concentration estimation could be increased for compounds with similar or nonselective spectral bands, but different in other properties such as fluorescent or MIR bands. For instance, greater than 60 % of pharmaceutical powders have a degree of fluorescence property that particularly could be detected by LIF spectroscopy only [172]. Several advantages of LIF over absorption spectroscopy such as NIR spectroscopy are: (i) excellent detection sensitivity because a signal is observed against a dark background; and (ii) making it possible to obtain two and three dimensional images as the emitted radiation can be collected at various angles with respect to the collimated laser beam [173]. Therefore, the results of LIF can be complementary to those obtained from other spectroscopic systems such as NIR. Multi-block methods [26] could potentially be applied to fuse the spectral data, after applying the optimum pre-processing techniques on each spectral range [27].

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following is considered a Critical Quality Attribute (CQA) for powdered and granule products?

Particle size directly affects flowability, content uniformity, dissolution rate, and compressibility—all critical to the performance and safety of pharmaceutical and food products.

2.3. Homogeneity: A crucial step in many manufacturing processes is blending a mixture of powders to reach to a homogeneous system, which has a significant impact on the quality of the final product [7]. In most cases, powder mixtures should be made with high content uniformity. Usually, the homogeneity of powder mixtures can be assessed by evaluating the samples taken from the mixture. The goal of powder sampling is to collect a small amount of sample from a bulk of powder materials in such a way that the sample represents the physical and chemical characteristics of the entire bulk. The traditional samplers, e.g. thief and cross-cut, are the most commonly used instruments for powder sampling [73]. Nevertheless, fast controlling of powder homogeneity using traditional sampling techniques is not possible since sample extraction and off-line/at-line analysis of samples could squander large amount of time. Therefore, fast and accurate in-line or on-line homogeneity evaluation of powder blends are getting more attention these days. NIR chemical imaging [44], in-line NIR spectroscopy [45], Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) [46], In-line Raman spectroscopy [47], and Passive Acoustic Emissions (PAE) [48] have been successfully used instead of off-line analysis for characterising the powder homogeneity (Table 2).

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does the integration of multiple unit operations in one production system characterize?

When several steps such as mixing, drying, compressing operate in sequence without breaks, this defines a continuous process and not batch or manual.

The article distinguishes batch vs. continuous systems. In continuous processing, all units are interconnected for uninterrupted production. (Ref: Section 4 – Batch vs. Continuous Manufacturing).

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What challenge does the article highlight about handling granular materials?

Granular materials often vary in particle size, moisture, density, shape, making their behavior unpredictable during flow, mixing, or compression.

The article highlights the “inherent variability” and complexity of powders as a challenge for automated control. This complexity necessitates sensor-based monitoring and data fusion. (Ref: Introduction and Section 2.1 – Granule Behavior).

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which approach is specifically mentioned as useful for handling large analytical datasets in continuous processes?

When datasets are generated from many sources/sensors simultaneously, data fusion helps integrate them meaningfully ensuring coherent, real-time interpretation.

The article presents data fusion as a solution to handle the high volume, variety, and velocity of sensor data. (Ref: Section 3 – Data Fusion Architecture).

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does the future perspective section suggest about the integration of PAT and multi-sensor data fusion

The authors express optimism about integrating PAT with data fusion, highlighting opportunities in predictive control, automation, and smart manufacturing.

In the final section, the article emphasizes future trends toward AI-powered PAT systems enabled by real-time data fusion. (Ref: Section 6 – Future Perspectives).

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which technique is mentioned as crucial for designing, analyzing, and controlling manufacturing through monitoring?

MSMs enable understanding and control of complex systems where many variables interact. Single-variable tools are insufficient for industrial complexity.

MSMs such as PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and PLS (Partial Least Squares) are cited as core tools in PAT systems for process control and design. (Ref: Sections 2.4 & 3.3 – Chemometric Tools).