โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following best describes the concept of "beat perception" as it relates to the auditory capabilities of newborn infants?

Beat perception is the internal sense that detects timing and rhythm from a repetitive sequence of sound through neural entrainment, meaning that the oscillation of the brainwaves synchronizes with the rhythm which causes the "beat perception". In addition, beat perception was shown through isochronous sequnce and jittered sequence. The ability to detect deviants from regular patterns were recorded and were heavily revealed in isochronous sequences where each gap were equally spaced.

Beat perception is referenced from (Large et al., 2015) Isochronous and jitter testing (Bouwer et al., 2016)

โจทย์ ปรนัย
According to the research, what experimental method is used to differentiate beat perception from statistical learning in newborns?

In this test, isochronous sequences and jitter sequences were employed to differentiate beat perception from statistical learning. Beat perception is the ability to detect temporal regularities while statistical learning is the ability to detect statistical regularities. EEG signals attatched to the babies head through a 10-20 international system were tested on isochronous sequence (same beat intervals) and jitter sequence (irregular beat intervals). Afterwards, patterns consisting of accented(A), nonaccented (U), and Attenuated (T) which is the deviant. A regular pattern of S1 (A-U) and S2 (A-A) were played atleast 5 times with S2 preceeding the deviants D1 (A-T) and D2 (T-A). As a result, the brain expects S1 patterns which is broken and caused brain activity changes which is then determined if it is stimulated by changes in beat or changes in tone.

This test experiment was conducted by Bouwer et al. (2016).

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does the mismatch response (MMR) in EEG studies indicate about newborns' auditory processing?

This means that the brian in neonates are detecting and responding to deviations of sound patterns. This deviant auditory stimuli affects the brainwaves and its processing which causes brian activities shown in the EEG, thus creating a MMR response. It usually appear as a negative deflection in the EEG waveform just approximately 200 to 300 ms after experiencing the stimuli. This shows that newborn's auditory processing has formed pattern recognition and memory which builds up language development or other audial perceptions.

The mismatch response (MMR) in newborns reflects automatic detection of auditory irregularities and indicates that the infant brain can encode temporal and sequential regularities (Kushnerenko et al., 2002).

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does the term "statistical learning" refer to in the context of auditory processing in newborns?

In newborns and infants, the term statistical learning refers to the ability of detecting sound patterns and are able to subconsciously expect or predict the next sound. For example, a switching pattern of low and high sound is presented to infants where the brain unconsciously predicts whether the next sound could be low or high based on the pattern.

In newborns, statistical learning allows the detection of transitional probabilities between auditory elements and supports early acquisition of language and musical structure (Teinonen et al., 2009).

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which condition in the EEG study did NOT result in a differentiation between beat and offbeat responses in newborns?

In the jitter sound timing are ranged from 150 to 300 ms which makes beat perception redundant to the newborn. This means that jittered test did not differentiate beat and offbeat responses but rather the sound sequencing response.

Jitter test's unequal interval nullfies beat and offbeat perceptions (Haden et al., 2024).

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which neural mechanism is thought to underlie the synchronization of movement to a beat?

Nueral entrainment refers to the synchronization of the brainwave's oscillation and external stimulis. The brain has a low-frequency, oscillating electrical frequency that occurs naturally in differnt bands such as alpha, theta, or delta. When we hear external stimulis such as a rhythmic drum beat, the neural waves in the brain, especially in the auditory and the motor regions aligns with the stimuli's sound wave which makes us percieve and expect audial patterns.

The auditory and motor regions in connection to neural entrainment was written by (Large, Herrera, & Velasco, 2015, as cited in Haden et al., 2024).

โจทย์ ปรนัย
How does beat perception in newborns relate to their later musical abilities?

Beat perception is a fundamental aspect of percieving beat which correlates to many audial activities such as music where musical pattern recognition and coordination is salient.

Early beat perception in newborns likely lays the groundwork for later musical abilities such as rhythmic synchronization, dancing, and music-making (Honing et al., 2015, as cited in Haden et al., 2024).

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary purpose of using EEG in studies of auditory processing in newborns?

EEG are electrical devices that are attatched to the scalp where it records electrical signals produce by various regions of the brain. In this context, babies experiences audial irregularities which triggers a change in the brain's electrical activity which is then recorded by the EEG device.

EEG is primarily used in newborn auditory studies to detect automatic brain responses to auditory regularities and violations, even during sleep (Alho et al., 1990; Haden et al., 2016, as cited in Haden et al., 2024).

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does an isochronous condition in an auditory study typically involve?

An isochronous condition or test heavily focuses on the equal interval between sounds where it is crucial for beat perception and audial timing. Other aspects may vary such as volume or frequencies but intervals must be the same or else it would be other forms of conditions such as the jitter condition.

An isochronous condition involves presenting auditory stimuli at regular intervals to induce beat perception through temporal predictability (Haden et al., 2024, p. 5).

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which auditory feature is NOT directly studied in the newborn auditory processing research?

Although language perception is a branch that stems out from audial brain activities, it is not a fundamental aspect studied in newborn child where the study is heavily focused in audial pattern recognition.

This paper only focuses on pattern recognitions (Haden et al., 2024)

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What term is used to describe the appearance of scientific credibility used in the marketing of unproven cell-based therapies?

Token of scientific legitmacy is a strategy that makes CGTs appear credible even if it it might not be as claimed. This could be done through various approaches such as eferencing unrelated academic research, Mentioning institutional review board (IRB) approval for questionable studies, or claiming affiliations with scientific advisors or universities.

ISCT Position Paper, Cytotherapy (2023), p. 922, Table 1

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According to the article, which of the following is NOT a recognized reporting mechanism for adverse effects from cell and gene therapies?

ClinicalTrials.Gov is a registry and database for clinical trials done globally where it shares clinical trial's results or purpose but is not a mechanism that reports alledged CGT products and its effects.

ISCT Position Paper, Cytotherapy (2023), pp. 922, 925–926

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What ethical consideration is primarily challenged by direct-to-consumer marketing of unproven cell and gene therapies?

Direct-to-customer marketing of unapproved CGT products are often misleading and provides exaggerative benefits while being risky and unsafe. This misleads customers to making voluntary decisions.

ISCT Position Paper, Cytotherapy (2023), pp. 922–923

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What key feature differentiates proven CGT products from unproven ones according to regulatory standards?

Regulatory bodies that inspects these approved CGT products ensures safety and is shown through preclinical tesing in both in vitro and in vivo testings. There are clinical trials presented and strict protocols to maintain quality. These bodies could be the FDA, EMA or any global regulatory bodies.

Cytotherapy (2023), pp. 922–923, 923–925

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following is a risk associated with unproven CGT products highlighted in the article?

As regulatory bodies are not involved in alledged CGT products. These products do not undergo thorough inspections, safety and maintainance regulations from regulatory figures which poses dubious side effects and potential healh risks.

Cytotherapy (2023), p. 922

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of unproven CGT products as discussed in the article?

Unapproved CGT products are usually shady and are likely to avoid major regulatory agencies as their products could pose harmful effects and getting inspected by major regulatory agencies is a sure way to shut down these products. This means that they are most likely to not be approved by major regulatory agencies.

(Cytotherapy, 2023, p. 922).

โจทย์ ปรนัย
How do regulatory bodies like the FDA and EMA ensure the safety of CGT products?

They conduct rigorous trials to ensure the safety, efficacy, quality and consistency of the products through lab and animals studies and different clinical phases.

Cytotherapy (2023), pp. 923–924

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary goal of the ISCT's position on cell and gene therapies as mentioned in the article?

ISCT supports and promotes legitimate clincial translattion of CGT through authorized trials and evidences and are sold and delivered in a lawful way to ensure the safetly of customers.

Cytotherapy (2023), pp. 921, 927

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is a potential consequence for patients using unproven CGT products?

Unproven products that bypasses proper clinical trials and regulatory bodies to maintain quality are likely to pose negative effects due to unproper testing and regulations of products.

(Cytotherapy, 2023, p. 922).

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What role does the ISCT play in the context of cell and gene therapies?

The ISCT plays a huge role in informition and opposing premature commercilization of unproven therapies in order to ensure safety to the public.

Cytotherapy (2023), pp. 921, 927