โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following best describes the concept of "beat perception" as it relates to the auditory capabilities of newborn infants?

Newborn infants are able to respond to rhythms and beats, from beats with a pattern or without. They yet unable to differentiate between the instruments played because they feel the music through regular or irregular beats not by identifying the musical intruments, nor or they able to respond like a human with a more developed brain. This shows that beat perception means the ability to detect a consistent rhythmic pattern in sound sequences and not throught the melody, instruments or volcalisation.

From the article: 'Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities'. In a paragraph that says, '... showing a capacity to extract the regularity in temporal structure'.

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According to the research, what experimental method is used to differentiate beat perception from statistical learning in newborns?

According to the research, the experimental method used to differentiate beat perception from statistical learning in new born is through monitpring the brain activity using EEG during auditory stimulation. The paper stated that they monitor the wave and brain activity of a newborn whilst they're listening to rhythmic sequences that were either temporally regular or jittered. In conclusion, EEG was used t monitor brain responses during auditory stimuli to differentiate beat preception from statistical learning.

From the article: 'Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities', in the introdruction and method section.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does the mismatch response (MMR) in EEG studies indicate about newborns' auditory processing?

The MMR was visibly more noticeable when a diruption was put into a patterned sequence compard to the jittered sequence. This reflects that the newborns are able to respond and identify abnormal sequences or rhythms, indicating the sensitivity to regularity violation in sound sequences. This is evident in the result section where the article mentions, 'The difference wave-forms for teh beat deviants appear as broad negativve wave, which is consitent with the morphology of mismatched response (MMR) in newborn infants.'

From the article: 'Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities', in the results section as well as the abstract.

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What does the term "statistical learning" refer to in the context of auditory processing in newborns?

The term statistical in this paper refers to the newborn's ability to predict what pattern, sequence or sound is mostly likely to come after what they've heard or feel based on the transition probabilities. Statiscal learning itself refers to the ability to pick up regularities from the environment. When regular patterns or beats are played the newborns are able to extract the patters from the order of sounds without being told to or explicit feedback.

From the article: 'Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities'

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which condition in the EEG study did NOT result in a differentiation between beat and offbeat responses in newborns?

Based of the results section of the paper, during the 'jittered condition' the results shows no difference between beat and offbeat responses in the newborns. This is because during jittered sequences, the timing was random and unpredictable. Meaning that even if the same sound patterns were used, it was more difficult for the infants to predict when t he next sounds are coming.

From the article: 'Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities'

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which neural mechanism is thought to underlie the synchronization of movement to a beat?

The article mentions, 'The ability to synchronize and coordinate movement with regular beat is called rhythmic entertainment. This coordination is thought to result from the coupling internal low frequency oscillations in auditory and motor areas with the external rhythmic signal (neural enterainment). This highlights that brainwaves are aligned to the frequencies of the sounds the newborns hear, making them able to predict the when the next sounds are coming the patterned sounds.

From the article: 'Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities', introduction section.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
How does beat perception in newborns relate to their later musical abilities?

Beat preception helps the newborn with their fundamental development of rhythmic coordination and timing. The ability of the newborn to predict the next sounds and the timing of when they are going to occur, will help with their coordination and timing in the future as it is already present at birth. With this, they are able to continue this skill into the future.

From the article: 'Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities', discussion section.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary purpose of using EEG in studies of auditory processing in newborns?

The EEG helps with studies of auditory processing newborns as they can detect how the newborns are responding to the sounds through brainwaves. The EEG measures electrical activity in the brain and shows us how the infants react to rhythmis and offbeat sounds internally.

From the article: 'Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities'

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does an isochronous condition in an auditory study typically involve?

Isochronous condition in this study involves the consistent temporal interval between sounds. This is evident in the introduction section of the paper, where the article write, 'In the isochronous condition, sounds are presented with a constant inter-onset interval, allowing a beat to b induced'. Furthermore, the article mentions comparing two different conditions, isochronous and jittered. Whilst jittered means irrgular, isochronous is naturally the opposite as the research want to study two different/opposite conditions; hence isochonous condition can be described as a regular, consistent and patterned.

From the article: 'Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities', introduction section.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which auditory feature is NOT directly studied in the newborn auditory processing research?

I chose language comprehension as something the paper did not directly study because all the other topics has been briefly or explained in depth. Beat preception is what the article studies along with proving whether the way newborn deects sounds is though statistical learning or not. Whilst rhythmic entrainment has been mentioned was mentioned in the introduction, as 'teh ability to synchronize and coordicate movement with a regular beat'. And lastly, melody recognition was briefly reviews in the discussion section, leaving language comprehension, something a newborn would've developed at the age, untouch in the paper.

From the article: 'Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities'.

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What term is used to describe the appearance of scientific credibility used in the marketing of unproven cell-based therapies?

The introduction of the paper mentions the strategy use of 'tokens of scientific legitimacy', "One prominent strategy is the use of 'tokens of legitimacy' to make unproven products seem scientific-based..". This is evident that a term that is used to describe the appearaance of scientific berdibility used in the marketing of unproven cell-based therapies is 'tokens of scientific legitimacy'.

From the article: International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products. Introduction section.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
According to the article, which of the following is NOT a recognized reporting mechanism for adverse effects from cell and gene therapies?

All reporting mechanisms were suggested as 'Examples of such reporting pathways include the following:', where MedWatch by the FDA, EudraVigilance by the EMA were mentioned. Whilst TGA was hyperlinked later on. And ClinicalTrials.Gov was present in table 1. Tokens of scientific legitimacy, for 'patent protection of unproven "treatment approaches".

From the article: International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What ethical consideration is primarily challenged by direct-to-consumer marketing of unproven cell and gene therapies?

In a situation where unproven cells or genetherapies are being used on a patient, most cases offers patients treatments, which the patients does not know has not been medically testified or not. By using these cells or genes to treat the patient is a violence against the patient's right of consent to allow unproven cells or genes to be inserted into their body.

From the article: International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What key feature differentiates proven CGT products from unproven ones according to regulatory standards?

A key feature that differentiates proven CGT products from unproven ones are pre-marketing authorization by regulatory bodies, because they have already checked the following cells nad genes were safe to use. However, most unproven CGT products will be advertised by celebrities, are often cheaper and will be available in most countries, as they have not gone through all the processes to approve of the treatment methods and safety.

From the article: International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following is a risk associated with unproven CGT products highlighted in the article?

The article heavily highlights the risk of potential serious health risks with using unproven CGT products as treatment. Not only are the treatments are already used in sickly patients, the risk of infections, and uncertainties with the CGT products will put their lives in high risk. CGT treamemts are used with sick patients, highlighting that thier weak, fragile bodies cannot be risked with uncertainties. Therefore, the article highlights the importance of health risks when using unproven CG products.

From the article: International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of unproven CGT products as discussed in the article?

Unproven products are very unlikely to be approved by regulatory agencies, as regulatory agencies are trustworthy and goes through multiple processes to prove the CGT products are safe to use for medical purposes. This evident when the article mentions, something along the lines that unproven products are typically not authorized by regulatory agencies such as the FDA or EMA. Furthermore, the paper infacts highlights that unproven products are often marketed without preclinical data, promoted through testimonials and can be pricey.

From the article: International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products

โจทย์ ปรนัย
How do regulatory bodies like the FDA and EMA ensure the safety of CGT products?

The FDAa and EMA ensures the safety of the CGT products by requiring rigorous pre-marketing clinical trials, conducted by national bodies.

From the article: International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary goal of the ISCT's position on cell and gene therapies as mentioned in the article?

The primary goal of the ISCT's position on cell and gene therapies is to support evidence-based products and oppose unproven ones. This is evident in the title of the article, 'International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products'

From the article: International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is a potential consequence for patients using unproven CGT products?

The article highlights the serious adverse effects of using unproven CGT products. The Health CAnada has mentioned about the 'potential health risks associated with unauthorized cell theraphy treatments such as stem cell therapy'.

From the article: International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products. And cited hyperlink 35 'Health Canada'

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What role does the ISCT play in the context of cell and gene therapies?

The ISCT plays the important role of opposing the premature commercialization of unproven therapies. This is evident in the introduction, "The International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy (ISCT), along with peer scientific organizations and patient advocacy groups, has played an important role in opposing the premature commercialization of unproven cell- and gene-based interventions and supporting the development of evidence-based, safe, and efficacious advanced medicinal products. " Where the ISCT aims to stop the use of unproven CGT products with the patient's acknowledgements or consent, to prevent health risks and increase the safety and trust of the treatment with proven CGT products.

From the article: International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products. Introduction section.