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What is the primary goal of contact tracing in public health?

Because we have to quickly identify people who have been exposed this disease or identify the area that have high risk of infection.

According to WHO guideline on contact tracing, the most common objective of contact tracing is the prevention of new infections by breaking chains of transmission.

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During the COVID-19 pandemic, what was one main reason people were motivated to isolate themselves after testing positive?

To prevent spreading the viruses to others, especially vulnerable group. Because the main point of stopping the COVID-19 pandemic is to have less infected people as possible to avoid loss.

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What method was commonly used for focus group discussions in the study on COVID-19 contact tracing?

Because COVID-19 could infect others through physical contact or the infected particles such as coughs, sneezes, or even breathes.

Thailand Ministry public health campaign

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What factor did NOT influence the success of case investigation and contact tracing according to the article?

Case investigation and contact tracing purpose is to control the spreading of infectious diseases

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Which demographic factor was reported to affect the experiences and behaviors of individuals regarding CI/CT?

Because political Ideology is a demographic factor that has been widely reported to influence various aspects of individuals' experiences and behaviors, including voting patterns, social attitudes, consumer choices, and even health-related behaviors.

According to Social and Political Determinants of Health that recognizes that factors beyond individual biology, political beliefs can shape trust in public health institutions, willingness to comply with interventions like contact tracing (CI/CT), and overall engagement with health guidelines. These broader societal and political contexts play a crucial role in shaping health outcomes.

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What did participants report feeling after learning they were exposed to COVID-19?

Because they were concerned not only about their own health, but also about the health of their relatives or the people close to them. This is a common emotional response in situations like diseases, especially during a global pandemic.

this answer is based on public health and psychological studies during the pandemic, which show that fear and anxiety about personal and community health were widespread. WHO also reported that people exposed to COVID-19 often experienced stress due to concerns about transmission to family and others.

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What was a common source of information for participants when they learned about their COVID-19 status?

Many people said that they got information about their status from people they trusted, such as family members, friends, and medical professionals. These sources were more personal and reliable compared to social media or rumors.

This answer is supported by research during the pandemic, which showed that interpersonal communication played a big role in health information sharing. According to studies in public health and social behavior, people tend to trust information more when it comes from familiar and reliable sources like healthcare workers or loved ones, rather than from mass media or social media.

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Which of the following was NOT a method for collecting data in the study described?

The study collected data using methods like interviews, virtual focus groups, and surveys, which are all commonly used in research involving human participants during the pandemic. However, there is no mention of researchers visiting people’s homes to directly observe their behavior. This method would be difficult and risky during a contagious disease outbreak like COVID-19.

According to standard research practices during the pandemic, most studies avoided face-to-face or home-based data collection. Researchers often relied on remote methods like phone or video calls and online surveys. This aligns with ethical guidelines and public health recommendations during COVID-19.

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What ethical considerations were emphasized during the focus group discussions?

During focus group discussions, it is essential to respect the rights and dignity of all participants. In this study, privacy and voluntary participation were emphasized to make sure that everyone felt safe and comfortable sharing their thoughts. No one was forced to join, and their identities or responses were kept confidential.

According to, widely accepted ethical guidelines in human research, such as those outlined by the Belmont Report and international standards, key principles include respect for persons, which involves informed consent and voluntary participation, and confidentiality, which protects the identity and data of participants. These principles are especially important in sensitive topics like health and COVID-19.

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How did the availability of self-tests in 2021 impact the public health response to COVID-19?

The availability of self-tests in 2021 allowed people to quickly check whether they were infected with COVID-19 without needing to visit a clinic or hospital. This helped individuals take faster action, like isolating themselves or notifying close contacts, which supported the overall public health response.

This answer is from public health data and strategies used during the pandemic. Self-testing increased accessibility, early detection, and timely intervention, all of which are key to controlling the spread of infectious diseases. Organizations like the CDC and WHO encouraged self-testing as part of community-based prevention efforts.

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What is urban ecology primarily concerned with?

Urban ecology is mainly about how cities and nature affect each other. It looks at how people, animals, plants, and buildings all interact in urban spaces. The goal is to help cities grow in ways that are more in tune with the environment.

This is based on the idea that urban areas are ecosystems, combining both natural and human-made elements. Urban ecologists study these connections to support greener, more sustainable cities.

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Which continent is noted as rapidly urbanizing within the study?

Africa has been experiencing some of the fastest rates of urban growth in recent years. Many countries on the continent are shifting from rural-based economies to more urban and industrial ones. As people move to cities in search of better jobs, education, and healthcare, urban populations continue to rise dramatically. This trend has been highlighted in numerous global development studies and urbanization reports.

This answer is from UN-Habitat and World Bank reports, which point out that Africa is urbanizing more quickly than any other region. It aligns with economic development theories that show how urbanization tends to accelerate during periods of industrialization and infrastructure investment. Academic sources and research articles consistently support this finding.

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What significant bias is present in the study of urban ecology in Africa?

Most studies on African urban ecology mainly focus on capital cities, overlooking smaller towns and growing secondary cities. This creates a gap in understanding broader urban dynamics across the continent.

This bias has been noted in various academic reviews, where research is often centralized due to data availability or access. Urban studies literature points out this imbalance in geographic coverage.

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What factor did the study NOT find influencing research efforts in African urban ecology?

The study did not identify technological advancements as a key driver influencing research in African urban ecology. Instead, it focused more on factors like economic status, urban growth patterns, and ecological priorities.

Findings from the study highlight how research tends to follow patterns such as GDP levels, conservation concerns, and where existing studies are already concentrated, rather than being driven by the availability of advanced technologies.

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Which method was used to gather data for the study?

Because it requires a combination of direct observations, experimental methods, literature review and bibliographic searches, and surveys and interviews depending on what study or what objective do the researcher want

According to the Triangulation principle that involve using multiple research methods or data sources to study the same topic, this approach helps to confirm findings, enhance the study's reliability and validity, and provide a more complete and nuanced understanding of the subject.

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What does the study suggest is needed for urban ecology research in Africa?

The study emphasizes the need to shift research priorities to better reflect the realities and needs of African cities. Current research is often too narrowly focused or shaped by external perspectives.

Scholarly reviews suggest that more inclusive, locally relevant approaches are essential. Realigning priorities would ensure that urban ecology research supports sustainable development and addresses the unique challenges faced by African urban environments.

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Which country was mentioned as having the majority of the studies?

The study highlights that South Africa dominates urban ecology research in Africa due to better infrastructure, academic networks, and funding availability.

Academic reviews and bibliometric analyses often show a concentration of African urban studies in South Africa, creating an imbalance in geographic representation across the continent.

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How did the study categorize the geographic biases in research?

The study found that research in African urban ecology is mostly concentrated in coastal areas, leaving inland regions underrepresented.

This coastal bias likely reflects easier access, denser populations, and existing infrastructure in those regions. It’s a common pattern noted in geographic and ecological research across the continent.

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What is a key recommendation from the study for improving urban ecology research in Africa?

The study recommends increasing collaboration across countries to share knowledge, resources, and build more balanced, inclusive research networks.

Transnational partnerships help overcome limitations like funding gaps, geographic bias, and lack of local data—leading to more comprehensive and impactful urban ecology research.

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According to the study, what impacts the number of publications in African urban ecology?

The study shows that countries with higher GDPs tend to produce more research publications. Wealthier nations often have better funding, infrastructure, and academic resources to support scientific work.

This reflects a well-known trend in global research: economic capacity strongly influences a country’s ability to invest in and contribute to academic fields like urban ecology.