โจทย์ ปรนัย
What percentage of the PCPs examined contained UV filters?

The article clearly states that UV filters were used in 58% of the PCPs examined. This indicates that more than half of the products analyzed contained ingredients specifically intended to protect the skin from harmful UV radiation in the sunlight.

3.4. UV filters in personal care products: "UV filters were used in 58% of the PCPs examined in this study."

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following is NOT a category of PCPs mentioned in the study?

The article did not lable hair care products as a distinct category of PCPs in the study. The three categories specifically identified in the article are skin care products, rinse-off products , and make-up products.

2. Materials and methodology: "The PCPs analysed included rinse-off products (shampoos, body washes and cleansers), skincare products (body lotion, hand lotions, face creams and sunscreens) and make-up products (such as foundations and lip balm)." 3.1. Database analysis: "The PCPs analysed in this study were divided into three categories i.e. skin care products, rinse-off products and make-up products, as illustrated in Table 1." There is no mention of hair care products listed as a standalone category.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which ingredient is commonly used as a preservative in PCPs?

Phenoxyethanol is identified in the article as the most dominant preservative used in PCPs examined in the study being found in 47.8% of the products. It was present in 35 skincare products and 5 make-up products.

3.3. Preservatives in personal care products: -"Phenoxyethanol (47.8%) is the most dominant preservative used in PCPs found in South Africa as analysed in this study." -"Phenoxyethanol was found in 35 skincare products and also in 5 make-up products."

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What was the primary aim of the study discussed in the article?

The article clearly states that the primary aim of the study was to identify potentially toxic chemicals in personal care products (PCPs) available in South Africa by examining their ingredient labels.

Abstract: "The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of potentially toxic chemical ingredients of PCPs in South Africa by examining the product labels." Introduction: "The first objective of the current study was to examine PCP ingredients, as listed on the product labels. This task was conducted to identify the presence of environmentally toxic chemicals in PCPs available in South Africa." These showed that the study focused on analyzing chemical risks in PCPs, rather than promoting or banning them outright , nor making comparisons.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following fragrances is considered a weak allergen but found frequently in PCPs?

Limonene is specifically mentioned in the article as one of the most frequently identified fragrances and is described as a weak allergen, which explains its widespread use in PCPs.

3.2. Fragrances in personal care products: "It is illustrated in Table 2 that the most frequently identified fragrances were limonene (73.3%), linalool (69.2%), coumarin (40%), hexyl cinnamal (38.3%), benzyl alcohol (35%) and citral (28.3%). These fragrances are reportedly weak allergens this explains their high occurrence in most of the PCPs."

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does the term 'emerging pollutants' refer to in the context of the study?

The article defines emerging pollutants as chemical compounds in PCPs that are persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic, and may not degrade easily in the environment. These pollutants are newly recognized for their harmful impacts, even though they were previously not considered dangerous.

Abstract: "However, emerging evidence suggests that some accumulate in body tissues and negatively impact humans and animals... they are continuously being released and may not degenerate easily in the environment. The contaminants are thus called emerging pollutants." Introduction: "As a result, PCPs are regarded as emerging environmental contaminants; arising from their persistence, exposure potentials, toxicity and environmental accumulation."

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What percentage of skin care products examined contained fragrances?

According to the article, 69.5% of skin care products examined in the study contained fragrances.

Section 3.1. Database analysis of personal care products in South Africa: “...with over 80% of the 105 skin care products found to contain UV-filters while approximately 70% of these products contained fragrances.” Table 1:“Skin care products – Products containing fragrances: 73 out of 105 (69.5%)” This confirms that the correct percentage of skin care products containing fragrances is 69.5%.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
According to the study, which substance is toxic to aquatic life and can affect fertility?

The article states that butylphenyl methylpropional is a fragrance found in over 25 PCPs and is restricted by the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) due to its harmful effects. It is noted for its potential to affect fertility and for causing harm to a fetus during pregnancy. Additionally, it contributes to environmental toxicity.

3.2. Fragrances in personal care products: "Fragrances such as alpha-isomethyl ionone and butylphenyl methylpropional are restricted by the International Fragrance Association (IFRA)... alpha-isomethyl ionone is toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects while butylphenyl methylpropional has the potential to affect fertility and can cause harm to a fetus during pregnancy."

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Based on the study, which regulatory action is recommended due to the detection of harmful ingredients in PCPs despite their ban?

The study highlights that despite the ban of harmful substances like triclosan and triclocarban, these chemicals are still detected in wastewater, suggesting their continued use and insufficient labelling. Therefore, they recommend more stringent regulations on product labelling, product testing, and hazardous chemical regulation as a key action moving forward.

Conclusion: "This study has therefore revealed some inconsistencies and gaps in chemical regulation of PCPs in South Africa. Therefore, this study strengthens the need for more stringent regulations on product labelling, product testing and hazardous chemical regulation of PCPs in South Africa." This directly supports that the recommended regulatory action is to tighten regulations on labelling and testing.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What are the potential health risks associated with chemicals in PCPs as mentioned in the study?

The article states that chemicals in personal care products (PCPs), such as UV filters, parabens, and phthalates, are associated with health risks, including potential endocrine disruption and exhibition of estrogenic activity.

Introduction: "The reported health risks associated with chemical ingredients in PCPs (such as ultraviolet (UV) filters, parabens, and phthalates) include potential endocrine disruption and exhibition of estrogenic activity [1], [2]."

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary purpose of Process Analytical Technology (PAT)?

The article explains that PAT uses sensors and instruments to measure and control important process and product qualities in real time, thus helping to improve manufacturing processes.

3.6 Current status of data fusion used for powdered and granule characterisation: "Today’s processes implement many sensors and analytical instruments which can provide more information and opportunity to monitor, control and optimize CQAs." 5. Conclusions: -"Data fusion strategies can be utilized for the performance improvement of PAT platforms to facilitate exploiting the advantages of datasets created from various sources while improving the model accuracy and robustness." -"Accurate in-line measurement and on-line controlling of CQAs..."

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which technology is often combined with reliable in-line sensors to enhance PAT systems?

The article states that PAT systems combine reliable in-line sensors with multivariate statistical methods in order to improve data interpretation, process understanding, and control.

3.5.3 Selecting an appropriate data fusion method: "One of the great challenges ... is how to meaningfully combine ... blocks of sensors ... Multivariate Statistical Methods (MSMs) are often applied to this end." 4.3 Data fusion for real-time monitoring and control schemes of CQAs: -"Study on real-time process monitoring, fault detection scheme and process control using prediction models build on data fusion techniques..." -"Developing a robust soft-sensor from multi-sensors..."

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does data fusion primarily help improve in PAT systems?

The article states that data fusion combines data from multiple sources to improve model accuracy and robustness, enabling better understanding and control in PAT systems.

3.2 Low-level data fusion: "Results reported in this study provide evidence that ... integrating various datasets generated from multiple sources, more useful knowledge ... than using a single source instrument." 5. Conclusions: -"Data fusion strategies can be utilized for the performance improvement of PAT platforms ... while improving the model accuracy and robustness." -"By adopting an efficient data fusion technique and integrating various datasets generated from multiple sources, more useful knowledge ... could be obtained."

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which is NOT a listed advantage of continuous processing of powdered and granule products?

The article highlights the benefits of continuous processing, such as improved productivity and enhanced product quality, but does not mention any decrease in safety standards. Decreased safety is not an advantage and is not listed in the article.

1. Introduction: "Continuous processing offers benefits including improved productivity, enhanced product quality, and better process control." There is no mention or implication of decreased safety standards as an advantage anywhere in the article.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following is considered a Critical Quality Attribute (CQA) for powdered and granule products?

The article identifies particle size as one of the important Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) for powdered and granular products. Particle size affects properties such as flowability, density, and hardness, which are critical for product quality.

4.1 Multi-sensors data fusion for the prediction of CQAs: "Physical attributes such as particle size, bulk density, flowability and hardness have been successfully characterized using vibrational spectroscopy." 3.6 Current status of data fusion used for powdered and granule characterisation: "Physical properties including particle size and flowability significantly influence powder quality."

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does the integration of multiple unit operations in one production system characterize?

The article describes continuous processing as a system where multiple unit operations are integrated into one production line thus allowing for ongoing material flow without interruption, which improves efficiency and product quality

2.1 Continuous manufacturing for powders and granules: "Continuous processing integrates multiple unit operations in a single system to enable uninterrupted production." 5. Conclusions: "Continuous processing offers improved productivity and product quality by integrating multiple operations."

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What challenge does the article highlight about handling granular materials?

The article highlights that handling granular materials is challenging because their complex physical and chemical properties affect their flow, processing, and quality control, requiring careful monitoring and advanced techniques.

1. Introduction: "Powder and granular materials exhibit complex behaviours due to variations in particle size, shape, and composition, which hinder processing and quality assurance." 4. Future perspectives: "Accurate measurement and control of physicochemical attributes are essential because of the complex nature of granular materials."

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which approach is specifically mentioned as useful for handling large analytical datasets in continuous processes?

The article emphasizes that data fusion helps manage and interpret large datasets from multiple sensors efficiently in continuous processes, improving model accuracy and robustness.

1. Introduction: "Data fusion strategies can be utilized for the performance improvement of PAT platforms to facilitate exploiting the advantages of datasets created from various sources while improving the model accuracy and robustness." 5. Conclusions: "By adopting an efficient data fusion technique and integrating various datasets generated from multiple sources, more useful knowledge about a sample could be obtained than using a single source instrument."

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does the future perspective section suggest about the integration of PAT and multi-sensor data fusion

The article highlights that integrating PAT with multi-sensor data fusion can improve real-time process monitoring, fault detection, and control, leading to more accurate and robust quality assurance in powder and granule production.

4.3 Future perspectives of data fusion for powdered and granule characterisation: "Measurements by various process sensors, in-line PAT and applying an efficient data fusion approach could not only allow detection of faulty operation of a system in real-time, but also precise control and optimisation of complex processes." 5. Conclusions: "Possibilities of real-time process monitoring, fault detection and process control schemes using prediction models built on data fusion techniques were described."

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which technique is mentioned as crucial for designing, analyzing, and controlling manufacturing through monitoring?

The article stated that MSMs are essential tools for designing, analyzing, and controlling manufacturing processes by monitoring multiple variables simultaneously, improving process understanding and quality control.

1. Introduction: "Multivariate Statistical Methods (MSMs) are used as a key tool in the design, analysis and control of manufacturing through monitoring."