| 1 |
What is the primary goal of contact tracing in public health?
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To stop the spread of diseases by identifying and informing contacts |
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Because contact tracing helps stop disease spread by quickly finding and notifying people who may have been exposed, so they can take action before infecting others.
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Contact tracing is based on the chain of infection theory, it helps break the chain by identifying and managing contacts before they can spread the disease.
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| 2 |
During the COVID-19 pandemic, what was one main reason people were motivated to isolate themselves after testing positive?
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To avoid infecting others, particularly vulnerable populations |
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Because they didn’t want to spread the virus to loved ones or high-risk individuals. COVID-19 could cause severe illness or death, so isolation was seen as a social responsibility to protect the community and help stop the outbreak.
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According to the Health Belief Model, people isolated because they believed COVID-19 was serious and wanted to reduce the risk of harming others.
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| 3 |
What method was commonly used for focus group discussions in the study on COVID-19 contact tracing?
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Virtual, synchronous meetings |
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Because in-person meetings were risky, virtual synchronous focus groups allowed real-time discussion while keeping everyone safe from COVID-19.
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Virtual focus groups use Social Presence Theory to keep real-time connection and interaction online.
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| 4 |
What factor did NOT influence the success of case investigation and contact tracing according to the article?
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The color of the quarantine facilities |
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Because the color of quarantine facilities has no impact on how well case investigation and contact tracing work; success depends on testing, cooperation, information, and other practical factors.
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Based on pragmatism, only practical factors like testing and cooperation affect success, not irrelevant ones like color.
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| 5 |
Which demographic factor was reported to affect the experiences and behaviors of individuals regarding CI/CT?
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Type of employment |
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Because a person’s job can affect their ability to isolate, access healthcare, and willingness to participate in CI/CT activities.
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This relates to the Social Determinants of Health theory where factors like employment influence health behaviors and access to services.
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| 6 |
What did participants report feeling after learning they were exposed to COVID-19?
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Worry about their health and that of their contacts |
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Because COVID-19 could cause serious illness or complications, and they weren’t sure if they would get sick or how severe it might be.
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This relates to the Health Belief Model, which explains that people’s worries come from perceived susceptibility and severity of the disease.
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| 7 |
What was a common source of information for participants when they learned about their COVID-19 status?
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Family, friends, and healthcare providers |
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People often first heard about their COVID-19 status through trusted personal contacts or medical professionals.
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This aligns with the Social Support Theory, which highlights the role of trusted relationships in sharing important health information.
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| 8 |
Which of the following was NOT a method for collecting data in the study described?
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Direct observations in homes |
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Because home visits posed safety risks during the pandemic, and researchers relied on safer, remote methods like interviews, surveys, and virtual focus groups.
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This relates to Risk Minimization in Research Ethics — researchers must protect participants by avoiding unnecessary exposure to harm, especially during a health crisis.
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| 9 |
What ethical considerations were emphasized during the focus group discussions?
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Ensuring privacy and voluntary participation |
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Because protecting participants' confidentiality and ensuring they freely choose to join are core ethical principles that safeguard their rights and well-being during research.
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This is based on the Belmont Report, which emphasizes three core ethical principles such as Respect for persons (voluntary participation), Beneficence (protecting privacy), and Justice (fair treatment in research).
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| 10 |
How did the availability of self-tests in 2021 impact the public health response to COVID-19?
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It increased the speed at which people could learn their infection status |
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Because self-tests allowed people to quickly test themselves at home, leading to faster detection, early isolation, and a quicker public health response to control the spread.
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Health Belief Model — easy access to tests increases action to protect health.
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| 11 |
What is urban ecology primarily concerned with?
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The interactions between urban environments and ecosystems |
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Because urban ecology focuses on how cities and natural ecosystems affect each other, studying their relationships and impacts.
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It’s based on Systems Ecology Theory, which views urban areas as ecosystems where living and non-living components interact dynamically.
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| 12 |
Which continent is noted as rapidly urbanizing within the study?
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Africa |
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Because Africa has one of the fastest rates of population growth and urban migration, leading to rapid expansion of its cities.
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This relates to the Urban Transition Theory, which explains how societies shift from rural to urban living as part of development and population growth.
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| 13 |
What significant bias is present in the study of urban ecology in Africa?
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Focus on wealthy nations |
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Because most research has been conducted in richer countries, leading to less understanding of urban ecology in rapidly growing but less wealthy African cities.
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This reflects the Research Bias Theory, where studies often concentrate on accessible or well-funded settings, overlooking less-studied regions like many African urban areas.
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| 14 |
What factor did the study NOT find influencing research efforts in African urban ecology?
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Technological advancements |
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Because the study showed that factors like GDP, urbanization, conservation status, and geography affected research focus, but technological advancements didn’t significantly impact where or how much research was done in African urban ecology.
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This aligns with the Political Economy Theory, which emphasizes how economic and environmental conditions shape research priorities more than technological factors.
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| 15 |
Which method was used to gather data for the study?
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Literature review and bibliographic searches |
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Because the study analyzed existing research and publications to understand trends in urban ecology rather than collecting new data through experiments or observations.
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This reflects the Secondary Data Analysis Theory, which uses existing data sources to draw conclusions without collecting new primary data.
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| 16 |
What does the study suggest is needed for urban ecology research in Africa?
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A realignment of research priorities |
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Because current research is unevenly distributed and often overlooks important African urban contexts, so priorities need to shift to address local realities and knowledge gaps.
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This aligns with Agenda-Setting Theory, which highlights the need to refocus research priorities to better address underrepresented issues and regions.
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| 17 |
Which country was mentioned as having the majority of the studies?
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South Africa |
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Because South Africa has more established research institutions and funding, making it a hub for urban ecology studies compared to other African countries.
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This relates to the Resource Dependence Theory, which suggests that research activity concentrates where resources and institutional support are strongest.
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| 18 |
How did the study categorize the geographic biases in research?
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Unevenly distributed |
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Because research efforts were concentrated in certain cities or regions, leaving many areas underrepresented in urban ecology studies.
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Research is unevenly distributed because it focuses on accessible areas, leaving others under-studied (Spatial Bias Theory).
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| 19 |
What is a key recommendation from the study for improving urban ecology research in Africa?
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Encourage transnational collaborations |
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Because working across countries helps share knowledge, resources, and address diverse urban ecology challenges more effectively.
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This aligns with Collaborative Network Theory, which emphasizes that partnerships enhance research quality and impact through shared expertise and resources.
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| 20 |
According to the study, what impacts the number of publications in African urban ecology?
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The GDP of the countries |
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Because higher GDP means more funding and resources for research, leading to more publications.
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This relates to the Economic Capital Theory, which links a country’s wealth to its capacity to produce scientific research.
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