| 1 |
Which of the following best describes the concept of "beat perception" as it relates to the auditory capabilities of newborn infants?
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The extraction of a consistent rhythm from a sequence of sounds. |
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A beat is usually used to describe a rhythm of sounds thus beat perception should describe the ability to recognize rhythms
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Oxford dictionary
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| 2 |
According to the research, what experimental method is used to differentiate beat perception from statistical learning in newborns?
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Monitoring brain activity using EEG during auditory stimulation. |
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It is the most scientifically accurate method and we can track how the brain responds to rhythm specifically as the other choices either are tracking things other than rhythm or could be intertwined with something else
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027723003049
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| 3 |
What does the mismatch response (MMR) in EEG studies indicate about newborns' auditory processing?
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Ability to memorize and recall auditory sequences. |
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A mismatch response is when the brain recognizes a deviant stimulus within a standard sequence of stimuli thus showing that the brain can recall the standard auditory sequences
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https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5938127/
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| 4 |
What does the term "statistical learning" refer to in the context of auditory processing in newborns?
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Extraction of regularities from the order of sounds without explicit feedback. |
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Statistical learning in the realm of auditory processing in new borns means to be able to understand regularities from sound as to understand statistics is to understand probability and regularity
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010027721000196#:~:text=Auditory%20statistical%20learning%20is%20a,brief%20periods%20of%20passive%20listening.
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| 5 |
Which condition in the EEG study did NOT result in a differentiation between beat and offbeat responses in newborns?
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Jittered condition. |
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The Jittered condition is a test sample where everything was off beat thus there was no beat to differentiate from
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027723003049
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| 6 |
Which neural mechanism is thought to underlie the synchronization of movement to a beat?
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Neural entrainment. |
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Neural entrainment is the phenomenon where brain activity synchronizes with external stimuli and movement of a beat is considered external stimuli
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811923003774#:~:text=Neural%2520entrainment%2520is%2520defined%2520as,Buzs%C3%A1ki%2520and%2520Draguhn%252C%25202004).
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| 7 |
How does beat perception in newborns relate to their later musical abilities?
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It is fundamental for developing rhythmic coordination and timing. |
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Beat perception correlates with rhythm thus it should correlate with rhythmic coordination and timing
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https://www.nature.com/articles/srep20612
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| 8 |
What is the primary purpose of using EEG in studies of auditory processing in newborns?
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To record brain responses to sounds. |
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An EEG machine is used to track electrical activity and the purpose of the study is to track beat perception a form of auditory processing in newborns
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027723003049
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| 9 |
What does an isochronous condition in an auditory study typically involve?
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A consistent temporal interval between sounds. |
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Isochronous comes from Iso meaning equal and Chronos meaning time thus Isochronous should mean equal in tempo
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https://www.oed.com/dictionary/isochronous_adj?tl=true
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| 10 |
Which auditory feature is NOT directly studied in the newborn auditory processing research?
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Language comprehension. |
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Language comprehension requires studying the newborn’s ability to understand the meaning behind the auditory stimuli which was requires specific vocabulary rather than auditory rhythm
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027723003049
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| 11 |
What term is used to describe the appearance of scientific credibility used in the marketing of unproven cell-based therapies?
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Tokens of scientific legitimacy |
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A token of scientific legitimacy is a seal of approval by the Isct on safe cell and gene testing
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https://www.isctglobal.org/about/about-us
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| 12 |
According to the article, which of the following is NOT a recognized reporting mechanism for adverse effects from cell and gene therapies?
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Consumer Protection Agencies |
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The consumer protection agency primarily focuses on safe guarding consumers from unsafe practices and false advertising normally cellar and gene testing is handled by the fda instead
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https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/cellular-gene-therapy-products
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| 13 |
What ethical consideration is primarily challenged by direct-to-consumer marketing of unproven cell and gene therapies?
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Informed consent processes |
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Gene therapies are a relatively new thing thus marketing claims may mislead people by what they are offering thus leading to unformed consent processes
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https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10383441.2024.2422138#d1e129
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| 14 |
What key feature differentiates proven CGT products from unproven ones according to regulatory standards?
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Pre-marketing authorization by regulatory bodies |
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Getting authorization from a creditable regulatory body that can be held accountable, have experience in this field and have done extensive testing proves the reliability of CGT products
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https://www.isctglobal.org/education/ecgt-healthcare-provider-guide#!
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| 15 |
Which of the following is a risk associated with unproven CGT products highlighted in the article?
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Potential for serious health risks |
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Products which cannot prove their reliability or safety will most likely carry a high safety risk
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https://www.isctglobal.org/education/ecgt-healthcare-provider-guide#!
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| 16 |
Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of unproven CGT products as discussed in the article?
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Approval by major regulatory agencies |
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Normally a proven CGT product is approved by a authorized regulatory body so an unproven product which is proven by a major well known regulatory body is not a typical sign of danger
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https://www.isctglobal.org/education/ecgt-healthcare-provider-guide#!
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| 17 |
How do regulatory bodies like the FDA and EMA ensure the safety of CGT products?
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By requiring rigorous pre-marketing clinical trials |
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Rigorous testing is the main way to prove the safety of a product to consumers
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https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines#:~:text=EMA's%20role,veterinary%20use%20and%20herbal%20medicines.
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| 18 |
What is the primary goal of the ISCT's position on cell and gene therapies as mentioned in the article?
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To support evidence-based products and oppose unproven ones |
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Their goal is to make safe cell and gene therapy world wide
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https://www.isctglobal.org/about/about-us#:~:text=Established%20in%201992%2C%20the%20International,to%20improve%20patients'%20lives%20worldwide.
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| 19 |
What is a potential consequence for patients using unproven CGT products?
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Risk of serious adverse effects |
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Unproven products are unproven in their benefits and safety
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https://www.wbmt.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/WBMT-Unproven-Therapies-2020.pdf
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| 20 |
What role does the ISCT play in the context of cell and gene therapies?
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It opposes the premature commercialization of unproven therapies. |
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The Isct’s main goal is to promote safe and proven CGT methods and lower commercialization of unproven methods. One of the ways they do this is opposing premature commercialization of unproven therapies
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1465324923000646#:~:text=The%20International%20Society%20for%20Cell%20&%20Gene%20Therapy%20(ISCT)%2C,products%20enter%20the%20commercial%20marketplace.
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