โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary goal of using multimodal transportation in logistics as per the discussed research?

This option reflects the key goals of multimodal transportation — to reduce logistics risks and ensure on-time delivery by using the strengths of different transport modes efficiently.

Rodrigue & Notteboom (2020) explain that multimodal systems aim to combine modes to improve reliability, reduce costs, and minimize risks in the supply chain.

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Which method is primarily used for decision-making in multimodal transportation route selection?

Because multimodal transport involves many factors like cost, time, and safety, we need a method that can weigh what’s most important and then find the best route based on that. • AHP helps decide which factors are most important (like if time matters more than cost). • ZOGP helps choose the best route that meets those priorities and goals. So, using both together helps make a smart, balanced decision.

Ishfaq & Sox (2011) and other logistics studies show that combining AHP for priority setting and ZOGP for goal-based optimization is a common and effective approach in multimodal logistics planning.

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According to the case study, what is the primary commodity considered for transportation?

Perishable food items are the main focus because they spoil quickly and need special transport conditions like refrigeration. They show the biggest challenges in logistics, like timing and temperature control, which is why they’re often used in case studies.

❝Perishable food items pose the most logistics challenges, requiring tight temperature control, fast delivery, and special packaging.❞ — Aung & Chang (2014), International Journal of Production Economics

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What is the role of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the multimodal transportation decision support model?

The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a decision-making tool used to compare multiple criteria and assign weights to them based on expert input. In multimodal transportation, it helps decide what factors (like cost, time, safety, etc.) are most important when choosing between transport options.

In research, AHP is often used to evaluate and rank different transport modes or routes by how well they meet the weighted criteria. For example, in a study by Macharis et al. (2004) on multimodal freight transport, AHP was used to balance cost efficiency and sustainability. So, it’s not about tracking or timing, but more about helping choose the best option based on expert judgment.

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Which risk is NOT considered in the list of risks assessed for multimodal transportation route selection?

In multimodal transportation route selection, the focus is mainly on risks directly affecting the shipment and logistics process — such as damage to goods, security issues, legal compliance, and financial risks. These factors impact delivery performance and costs.

Christopher (2016), Logistics and Supply Chain Management, risk assessment in transportation focuses on operational, security, legal, and financial risks that directly affect goods movement.

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What does ZOGP stand for, and what is its role in the model?

ZOGP is an optimization method used to select routes or transport modes where decisions are binary (choose or not choose). It helps find the best solution that satisfies multiple goals (like minimizing cost, time, or risk) while respecting constraints.

Charnes and Cooper (1961), goal programming extends linear programming by allowing multiple goals to be optimized simultaneously.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following is NOT a mode of transport discussed in the multimodal transportation case study?

they are all modes of transport that are discussed, meaning none of them is not included.

Macharis et al. (2004) in “Decision support models for the choice of transportation mode” explain how multimodal transport systems rely on combining road, rail, air, and sea to improve efficiency, reduce cost, and balance environmental impact.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
In the context of the AHP used in the study, what does a consistency ratio (CR) less than 0.1 indicate?

In the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the consistency ratio (CR) measures how logically consistent the pairwise comparisons are. A CR less than 0.1 (or 10%) means the expert judgments are acceptably consistent and the results can be trusted.

Saaty (1980), who developed AHP, proposed that a CR under 0.1 indicates acceptable consistency, while a higher CR may mean the judgments are too random or need revision.

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What is the primary purpose of sensitivity analysis in the context of the ZOGP model used in the study?

Sensitivity analysis tests how small changes in input data affect the results of the model. This helps verify if the model’s solutions are stable and reliable under different scenarios or uncertainties.

Saltelli et al. (2000), Sensitivity Analysis in Practice, sensitivity analysis is a key tool to assess the reliability and robustness of mathematical models by quantifying how uncertainty in inputs affects outputs.

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Which of the following best describes the role of multimodal transportation in global trade according to the study?

Multimodal transportation combines different transport modes to optimize cost, speed, and reliability, which helps industries connect better to global markets and improves trade efficiency.

Research by Rodrigue, Comtois, and Slack (2017) in The Geography of Transport Systems explains that multimodal transport supports globalization by linking producers and consumers worldwide through an efficient, flexible transport network. It helps industries respond faster to market demands and reduces trade barriers.

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What is the main natural cause of landslides along the Jammu-Srinagar National Highway?

Heavy and continuous rainfall saturates the soil, reducing its stability and increasing the likelihood of landslides, especially in mountainous regions like along the Jammu-Srinagar highway.

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) reports frequent landslides in the Himalayas during monsoon due to extended rainfall periods.

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According to the article, what technology is used to assess landslide-prone areas along the highway?

These technologies are commonly used to monitor and predict landslide-prone areas by analyzing terrain data and detecting changes over time, which helps improve safety along highways.

Guzzetti et al. (1999) and Pradhan (2010), who demonstrated the effectiveness of remote sensing combined with statistical models in landslide hazard assessment.

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What is the relationship between land surface temperature (LST) and underground water level mentioned in the study?

Land Surface Temperature (LST) tends to decrease when underground water levels increase because higher groundwater can cool the surface and increase soil moisture, which lowers surface temperature.

Goward et al. (1994) and Jensen (2007) show that higher soil moisture and groundwater levels reduce surface temperature by enhancing evaporative cooling.

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How is the threshold value for landslide triggering determined as per the study?

Threshold values for landslide triggering are typically determined by collecting real-world data through field surveys and measuring geotechnical properties like soil type, moisture, and slope stability. This practical approach helps accurately assess when landslides are likely to occur.

Research by Iverson (2000) and Wieczorek (1987) emphasizes combining field data with geotechnical analysis to establish reliable landslide thresholds, as opposed to relying solely on theoretical or historical data.

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If the mean monthly rainfall in April is 150 mm and it increases by 20% in May, what is the mean monthly rainfall in May?

April rainfall = 150 mm Increase = 20% of 150 = 0.20 × 150 = 30 mm May rainfall = 150 + 30 = 180 mm

Increased amount = (Percentage increase ÷ 100) × Original amount May rainfall = Original amount + Increased amount

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Given that the slope angle in a studied section is 45 degrees and the friction angle (phi) is 11 degrees, what is the ratio of friction angle to slope angle?

Ratio = friction angle ÷ slope angle = 11 ÷ 45 ≈ 0.244 (or about 0.24)

Ratio = friction angle ÷ slope angle

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If the specific gravity of soil is 2.74 and the natural density is 1.69 kg/cm³, what is the approximate weight of 1 cubic meter of soil?

Weight = 1690 kg/m3 x 1 m3 = 1690 kg

Weight of soil = Natural density × Volume

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Assuming that the direct shear of soil is 0.05 kg/cm², how much shear force is exerted on a 10 cm x 10 cm area?

F = 0.05 kg/cm² × 100 cm² = 5 kg

Shear force (F) = Shear stress (τ) × Area (A)

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If the rate of land surface temperature change is 0.1°C per year starting at 24.94°C in 2020, what will be the LST in 2024?

LST in 2024 = 24.94 + (0.1 × 4) LST in 2024 = 24.94 + 0.4 = 25.34°C

LST in future = Initial LST + (Rate × Number of years)

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What method does the study use to forecast future landslides?

The study uses ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) along with SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) to make data-driven predictions about future landslides based on historical trends and time-series analysis.

According to Box & Jenkins (1976), ARIMA models are ideal for analyzing and forecasting natural hazard trends using past data. SPSS is a software used to run ARIMA models and visualize predictions, making it a common tool in environmental risk analysis.