โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary goal of contact tracing in public health?

Because contact tracing is a way that people use to identify and manage people who may have been in contact with an infectious disease, in order to stop or slow its spread

Public health surveillance is the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data to help guide public health decision making and action. Contact tracing is one method of conducting surveillance and allows scientists to gather data about infections and how they may spread.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
During the COVID-19 pandemic, what was one main reason people were motivated to isolate themselves after testing positive?

because people who tested positive want to protect their loved ones from getting COVID-19 from themselves, so they're motivated to isolate themselves from others people.

The main theory supporting this behavior is the Health Belief Model (HBM), a psychological model that explains and predicts health behaviors by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals. The HBM identifies key factors that influence whether individuals will take health-related action: Perceived severity, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, and Cues to action. This model has been widely used, Such as vaccination and isolation.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What method was commonly used for focus group discussions in the study on COVID-19 contact tracing?

Because Virtual synchronous meetings allowed moderators to pose questions and follow-up probes in real time.

This approach is grounded in qualitative focus group methodology, which emphasizes the value of group interaction for generating rich, context-laden data. Data from these virtual sessions were then analyzed using thematic analysis, whereby transcripts are coded inductively to identify recurring patterns and insights.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What factor did NOT influence the success of case investigation and contact tracing according to the article?

Because the article did not mention the color of the Quarantine Facilities

This aligns with implementation-science frameworks RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance), which focus on measurable inputs like testing infrastructure and stakeholder, rather than on non-operative features such as paint schemes.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which demographic factor was reported to affect the experiences and behaviors of individuals regarding CI/CT?

Because those whose political views were more skeptical of government interventions described greater hesitancy in engaging fully with CI/CT protocols, while participants aligned with pro–public-health messaging reported smoother interactions and higher compliance.

This aligns with the Health Belief Model, which posits that an individual’s belief systems (including political ideology) influence perceived barriers and cues to action, thereby shaping health behaviors such as participation in CI/CT.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What did participants report feeling after learning they were exposed to COVID-19?

Because many contacts described feeling anxious or concerned upon discovering they had been exposed. This worry centered both on the possibility of becoming ill themselves and on unintentionally transmitting the virus to family members, friends, or other vulnerable individuals.

This finding aligns with the Health Belief Model, which posits that perceived severity (“how serious the illness might be”) and perceived susceptibility (“likelihood of getting infected”) together generate emotional cues such as worry or concern that motivate protective health behaviors.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What was a common source of information for participants when they learned about their COVID-19 status?

Because they didn’t rely on official CI/CT notifications instead, they first heard of their test results or exposure through personal networks (family or friends)

This finding aligns with the Diffusion of Innovations framework, which highlights the critical role of interpersonal communication in accelerating awareness and adoption of health innovations, in this case, timely testing, self-isolation, and participation in CI/CT.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following was NOT a method for collecting data in the study described?

because they did not perform any observational work, and there was no component of researchers visiting or observing participants in their homes.

This approach reflects standard qualitative methodology for exploratory health-services research, where in-depth interviews and focus groups are favored for eliciting rich, narrative data on participants’ experiences and perceptions.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What ethical considerations were emphasized during the focus group discussions?

Because valuing each participant’s viewpoint and avoiding re-traumatization, which underscores the study’s commitment to voluntary, respectful engagement and safeguarding participants’ privacy

This aligns with the Belmont Report ethical principles of Respect for Persons (treating individuals as autonomous agents and protecting those with diminished autonomy) and Beneficence (minimizing harm).

โจทย์ ปรนัย
How did the availability of self-tests in 2021 impact the public health response to COVID-19?

Because the self-test kits(ATK) offer a faster and easier result than waiting for a laboratory appointment and waiting for the result.

This shift reflects the principles of Diffusion of Innovations, wherein decentralized, user-friendly tools that deliver quick feedback accelerate adoption and behavior change, here, leading to timelier self-isolation and reduced onward transmission.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is urban ecology primarily concerned with?

Because Urban ecology examines how living organisms (plants, animals, microbes) and ecological processes function and change in cities rather than focusing solely on infrastructure, economics, or politics

This field draws on the Socio-Ecological Systems framework, which treats cities as coupled human–natural systems, and on Landscape Ecology principles that consider spatial patterns and flows across urban mosaics.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which continent is noted as rapidly urbanizing within the study?

Because Africa’s share of its population living in urban areas has surged—from about 10% in the 1950s to roughly 40% today—and is projected to reach 56% by 2050. Between 2020 and 2050, no other continent is expected to match Africa’s rate of urban population growth

This trend aligns with global urbanization dynamics described by the United Nations, which show that regions with lower baseline urban shares (like Africa) tend to urbanize fastest.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What significant bias is present in the study of urban ecology in Africa?

Because nearly 40 percent of studies were from South Africa alone, and research effort was positively correlated with national GDP. This means lower-income countries, even those experiencing rapid urbanization, are underrepresented.

This finding reflects the broader issue in global‐south studies where resource availability (funding, institutional capacity) drives where science happens—a pattern noted in implementation science and meta‐research on publication biases.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What factor did the study NOT find influencing research efforts in African urban ecology?

Awoyemi et al. tested multiple predictors of publication counts, including country GDP, future and current urbanization intensity, human population density, and ecoregion size and conservation status.

This finding underscores how economic resources and conservation priorities drive research activity, rather than the degree of urban growth itself, highlighting a disconnect between where urbanization is most intense and where scientific attention is focused.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which method was used to gather data for the study?

The researchers used bibliographic database searches (primarily Web of Science) to identify 795 peer-reviewed papers published between 1975 and 2022.

This method aligns with the principles of systematic reviews in ecological and environmental science, where structured database searches and transparent inclusion/exclusion criteria are used to synthesize existing knowledge and identify research gaps.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does the study suggest is needed for urban ecology research in Africa?

The study calls for a realignment of research priorities to better reflect the ecological, geographic, and social realities across the African continent.

This aligns with the concept of research equity in global environmental science, which argues that locally relevant, place-based research should guide urban sustainability efforts rather than imported frameworks or trends from non-African contexts.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which country was mentioned as having the majority of the studies?

studies were conducted in 72% of African countries, but nearly 40% of all publications were from South Africa alone.

This concentration is tied to economic capacity and research infrastructure, as higher GDP correlates with greater research output—an imbalance the authors emphasize needs to be corrected to ensure more equitable and geographically representative urban ecology studies across the African continent.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
How did the study categorize the geographic biases in research?

Awoyemi and Ibáñez-Álamo (2023) state that urban ecology research in Africa is concentrated in a few countries, especially South Africa, while large portions of the continent particularly in Central and West Africa are underrepresented.

This is called research bias by geographic and economic accessibility, where areas with more infrastructure, funding, or institutional presence receive disproportionate academic attention, regardless of their ecological urgency.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is a key recommendation from the study for improving urban ecology research in Africa?

Awoyemi and Ibáñez-Álamo (2023) emphasize the importance of transnational and inter-institutional collaboration as a way to reduce geographic and economic research imbalances.

This aligns with global principles of equitable science and the “leave no one behind” approach in sustainability research.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
According to the study, what impacts the number of publications in African urban ecology?

The national GDP was a statistically significant predictor of research output in African urban ecology. Countries with higher GDP, such as South Africa, produced more urban ecology publications.

This finding reflects well-known patterns in global environmental research where economic capacity drives both scientific infrastructure and publication volume.