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What type of learning is discussed in relation to newborn infants in the context of sound sequences?

According to the main idea and the title of the text, it mentions the use of statistical learning. It refers to the infant's ability to depict sound and recognizing frequency. There are also evidences are graph that reflect statistical learning in newborns. However, the result also show that statistical learning (by itself) does not fully explain beat processing in newborn infants.

I got this answer from the research titled "Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities," explaining the relation of newborn infants and sound.

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What experimental method was used to study the infants?

According to the research paper, it mentions the use of EGG experiment, which was done in adults and macaque monkey. There are also records and results from this paper that support the method of EGG Experiments to study the infants. For instance, the research stated that the EGG was recorded with Ag/AgCl electrodes...., thus showing the use of this method. This method is used to measure brain activity in the infants.

My thought process for this answer is from the research paper titled "Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities," researching on the newborn infants. Then I connect the use of measuring brain activity to sound in an infants, which means that EGG is a perfect method for doing so. EGG is commonly used in cognitive research such as this research, which studies brain activity.

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What was used to induce a beat in sound sequences during the study?

The experiment mentions the use of isochronous sequences and timing. It mentions that they used a binary accented sequence that induces a beat when presented with isochronous timing. The research also mentions the comparison between the Isochronous Timing conditions and Jittered Timing condition.

I got this answer from the research. I also connected the idea of the need to understand the beat in sound sequence and the techniques used in the experiment.

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What is a key outcome of beat perception studies in newborns?

I connect the ideas of beat perception to the main theme of the research, beat processing. Then I crossed out choices that doesn't seem to be the right answer, sch as enhanced visual processing because the research doesn't involve in vision.

I got this answer from the main keywords of the article and also the title of the article. I also connect the ideas and understanding that I got from the text and came to a conclusion with my knowledge.

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What does the mismatch response (MMR) indicate in newborn infants?

The article mentions the detection of an unattended regularity violation in the isochronous than the jittered condition.

The article mention the detection of unattended regularity violations, so I drew a conclusion on that choice. Additionally, I also use common sense to get rid of incorrect answer such as physical discomfort and visual recognition because it doesn't involve in the context of sound. I also choose this answer because it matches the context of this article.

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What aspect of the sound was manipulated to test beat perception separately from statistical learning?

The research mentions a lot of time about the comparison between Isochronous and jittered condition or timing. For instance, it stated that they used a binary accented sequence that induces a beat when presented wit isochronous timing, but not when presented with randomly jittered timing, showing the research and analysis between the two.

I got the answer through finding the main point of the article and through eliminating obvious incorrect answer, such as loudness.

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According to the study, why is the detection of a beat significant in newborns?

The article is mainly about the infants ability to hear and understand complex sound, so it implies that the detection of a beat suggests advanced cognitive abilities. Also the article mentions multiple time about how the newborn infants have beat processing, showing the advanced and complexity of newborns.

Although all the answer seem correct, I used the process of elimination to choose the most correct answer, leading me to chose option 1. I also used my understanding of the main point of the text to draw to the conclusion.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
How does the article describe the relationship between statistical learning and beat processing in newborns?

The article mostly talks about how the beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities, suggesting that they are independent and are separate process. Also because newborn infants are complex.

I got this answer using the context and evidences from the title and through the details in the article.

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Which physiological measure was primarily used to assess responses to sound sequences in the study?

The article specifically talks about the use of EEG and how it is used to measure brain activity and responses.

I drew the conclusion from the keywords and the research and results from the experiment using the EEG method.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does the presence of a clear Mismatch Response (MMR) to beat and offbeat positions in an isochronous condition suggest about newborns' auditory capabilities?

Newborn infants have been shown to extract temporal regularities from sound sequences, suggesting their sensitivity to these changes. We can also draw a conclusion from the beat and rhythmic patterns mention in the article.

I got this answer from my understanding of the article and also the use of MMR.

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What is the main focus of the cell and gene therapies article?

The main focus of the cell and gene therapies article is identifying unapproved gene therapies, not about climate change or risk of physical sports.

I cam to this choice from the main theme of the article of cell and gene therapy and their unproven product.

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What does CGT stand for in the context of the article?

CGT stands for cell and gene therapies. This is also the main of idea of the article about the cell.

In the keywords section, it mentions the answer or the abbreviation of this word.

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What does the article caution against?

The main idea of this article is to identify and show the effect of unproven CGTS and how they are appear to be real and credible.

I got this answer from understanding the main focus of the text and how the article is trying to raise awareness of these unproven CGTS.

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According to the article, what is a risk associated with unproven CGTs?

Unproven CGTS ay lead to higher healthcare cost due to high price, mislead of advertisement because they are falsely promote their product, and the reduced effectiveness of traditional medicines.

I got this answer from the main point of the article and through understanding the effects of the unproven CGTS.

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Which platform is mentioned for registering research that might not be credible?

Only clinicaltrials.gov was mentioned in the article and relate to the tokens of scientific legitimacy.

I found this answer from table 1 "tokens of scientific legitimacy," suggesting that this platform is not credible but seem to be one.

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What term is used to describe items that make unproven CGTs appear valid?

Tokens of Legitimacy refers to something that serves as proof or evidence for the authenticity.

With the understanding of the term token of legitimacy, I draw a conclusion that this item make the unproven CGTS appear valid.

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What does the ISCT oppose according to the article?

I chose this answer because it is the only one that fits the concept of opposing unproven CGTS, the main focus of the article.

I drew conclusion from this statement: "Since its inception, the International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Committee on the Ethics of Cell and Gene Therapy has opposed the premature commercialization of unproven cell- and genebased interventions and supported the development of evidence-based advanced therapy products."

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Which regulatory body is NOT mentioned in the article as a key player in CGT oversight?

FDA, EMA, Health Canada, and WHO are all mentioned as a key player in CGT oversight as they helped regulate and protect the people from unproven products. Meanwhile, CDC is not mentioned in the article whatsoever.

I draw a conclusion from eliminating the choices that are found in the article.

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What specific role do 'tokens of legitimacy' play according to the article?

Tokens of legitimacy as mentioned before is the way to persuade the patients of their authenticity and credibility to attract people to use their product.

I got this answer from the main point of the article and how unproven CGTS tend to try to appear legitimate in order to attract and advertise people into buying their product.

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According to the article, what is a critical measure for distinguishing evidence-based CGTs?

Pre-marketing authorization by national regulatory bodies is the only logical answer to this question because it shows legitimacy and legal evidence from national regulatory bodies. Meanwhile, the other choices can be falsely conduct and shown as a credible sources, such as popularity among patients and number of clinical trials.

I got this answer from how the unproven CGTS do to appear legitimate and how to identify a proven CGTS product from the article.