| 1 |
What is the primary goal of contact tracing in public health?
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To stop the spread of diseases by identifying and informing contacts |
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Close contacts of infectious diseases by tracing the already infects are notify of their exposure. If they are encouraged to look for symptoms and get tested, then quarantine, this would prevent the wider spread of the disease as preventative measures have already been taken.
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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or CDC had used contact tracing (CT) as health measures in response to the spread of COVID-19.
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| 2 |
During the COVID-19 pandemic, what was one main reason people were motivated to isolate themselves after testing positive?
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To avoid infecting others, particularly vulnerable populations |
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After being tested positive, people would be cautious of the infectious nature of the disease. Thus, would likely put themselves in quarantine to keep their loved ones and other people who are susceptible to the disease save.
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Study shows that after being tested positive, people were very concern about infected their closed ones, especially the elderly, which have higher risks of complication if contacted with COVID 19, and children who haven't recieved the vaccination.
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| 3 |
What method was commonly used for focus group discussions in the study on COVID-19 contact tracing?
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Virtual, synchronous meetings |
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As data was collected from participants across a range of racial, ethnic, political, and socioeconomic groups, as well as a big sample size of participants, a virtual meeting would proven to be the most efficient method of interviewing.
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The study stated that 33 hour long FGD(focus group discussion) were conducted with 178 participants. However, a more individually focused interviews were conducted later with 6 participants.
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| 4 |
What factor did NOT influence the success of case investigation and contact tracing according to the article?
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The color of the quarantine facilities |
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Process of elimination. In both methods, the information on the COVID 19 is very crucial as it would build the awareness in people of the potential symptoms and the next steps if they were to be tested positive, such as quarantining. Next, the availability of testing would affect people's knowledge of their conditions, they're unaware it would be difficult to take preventative measures. As such, public cooperation and participation and political ideology of the participants would affect in how the participants are willing to follow the recommendations to take measures, get tested, and isolate themselves.
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In the study, a lot of participants's interviwes have expressed dissatisfaction in all areas but the colour of the quarantine facilities wouldn't play a factor in what determines the success of case investigation and contact tracing.
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| 5 |
Which demographic factor was reported to affect the experiences and behaviors of individuals regarding CI/CT?
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Political ideology |
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Participants with certain ideologies could be distrustful of the CI/CT due to their perspectives toward health officials and government.
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In the article titled 'The challenges of contact tracing as U.S battles COVID 19' by C.McClain and L.Rainie shows that Republicans are more likely to decline giving their personal information as a measure for COVID 19 then Democrats.
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| 6 |
What did participants report feeling after learning they were exposed to COVID-19?
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Worry about their health and that of their contacts |
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Due the wide spread of COVID 19, participants would be worried about the severity of their own conditions and also worried of exposing the disease to their contacts.
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The study stated that the participations could be worry about their own symptoms as they may had already experienced hospitalization or loss of loved ones.
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| 7 |
What was a common source of information for participants when they learned about their COVID-19 status?
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Family, friends, and healthcare providers |
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Participants could learn of their COVID-19 status through exposure to already infected family member or friends, or reported by healthcare providers after being tested at a health facilities.
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The study shows that many participants addressed being received too little information about the COVID-19 through being notified by their close contacts (family, friends, coworkers). On the case of healthcare providers, the information each participants received are inconsistent.
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| 8 |
Which of the following was NOT a method for collecting data in the study described?
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Direct observations in homes |
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Direct observation in homes of COVID-19 contacted individual would prove risky and an inefficient way of data gathering.
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Process of elimination
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| 9 |
What ethical considerations were emphasized during the focus group discussions?
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Ensuring privacy and voluntary participation |
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It is important for the study to ensure safety of the participants' private information and also consent in their participation.
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Quote from the study "A question was appended to the survey asking participants if they would be willing to participate in a focus group discussion related to their COVID-19 positive result or exposure.
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| 10 |
How did the availability of self-tests in 2021 impact the public health response to COVID-19?
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It increased the speed at which people could learn their infection status |
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As there may be limited availability to testings in health facilities, self-tests in homes would help people to identify their COVID-19 status much faster.
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The study stated that participants expressed willingness to use home tests if accessible.
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| 11 |
What is urban ecology primarily concerned with?
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The interactions between urban environments and ecosystems |
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The term ecology means the study of the relationships of living organisms with their environment, suggesting the 'urban ecology' would be such study dedicated to urban areas.
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Process of elimination
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| 12 |
Which continent is noted as rapidly urbanizing within the study?
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Africa |
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| 13 |
What significant bias is present in the study of urban ecology in Africa?
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Focus on wealthy nations |
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Because wealthy nations would have more evidences of urbanization, thus more data can be collected.
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| 14 |
What factor did the study NOT find influencing research efforts in African urban ecology?
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Geographic distribution of studie |
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The study stated that they did not include geographic distribution due to the difficulty of extracting the information and to avoid over-parameterization of models.
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| 15 |
Which method was used to gather data for the study?
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Literature review and bibliographic searches |
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As the scope of research is in Africa, literature review and bibliographic searches would allow a large amount of data to be gathered.
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The study stated that the papers were put for screening, which would allow the detection for various things such as duplicates, verification, collaboration, and decisions in systematic reviews. For this, shows the benefits of using such methods for data gathering.
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| 16 |
What does the study suggest is needed for urban ecology research in Africa?
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A realignment of research priorities |
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Due to the lack of information of urban ecology in Africa, the study highlight how this needs to be prioritize and give more attention to.
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| 17 |
Which country was mentioned as having the majority of the studies?
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South Africa |
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| 18 |
How did the study categorize the geographic biases in research?
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Unevenly distributed |
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The study stated that 37% of ecoregions do not have a single urban ecology study.
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| 19 |
What is a key recommendation from the study for improving urban ecology research in Africa?
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Encourage transnational collaborations |
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| 20 |
According to the study, what impacts the number of publications in African urban ecology?
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The GDP of the countries |
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Urban ecology is linked to cities and the how well the economy of the country is doing.
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