โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary goal of using multimodal transportation in logistics as per the discussed research?

Because at present, good transportation that meets the needs of customers is the speed of receiving parcels. The more the transport can use the route that takes the least amount of time, the more satisfactory it is and can also reduce costs for the transport company as well.

The idea behind using multi-modal transport in logistics, according to research, is to increase efficiency and reduce costs by combining the strengths of each transport mode (e.g. road, rail, water, and air) to achieve the best results in terms of: 1. Increase efficiency: Using multiple transport modes allows the selection of transport methods that are most suitable for the characteristics of the goods and routes. For example, long-distance goods may be transported by sea or air, then switched to trucking to reach the destination. 2. Reduce costs: Choosing a transport mode that has a lower cost in part (e.g. rail or sea transport) together with a mode that has a faster speed (e.g. air transport) can reduce the overall cost of the transport process. 3. Increase flexibility: Having multiple transport modes makes it easier to adjust routes or transport methods according to situations such as weather or traffic problems. 4. Promote sustainability: Choosing transport modes that have a low environmental impact, such as rail or sea transport, can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollution.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which method is primarily used for decision-making in multimodal transportation route selection?

To solve this problem, an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is used to determine the transportation factors that have the greatest impact on the transportation and zero-one goal programming (ZOGP) is used to generate the most suitable transportation route to improve the efficiency and safety of the logistics during transportation.

The objective functions of ZOGP are combined with the weights from AHP for minimizing the deviation in Equation Min Z = wc(dc⁺) + wt(dt⁺) + wd(dd⁺) + … + wf(df⁺). The first objective is the transport cost. The second objective is the transport time. The last objectives are the seven multimodal transportation risks. The user could specify the significant weights by using AHP.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
According to the case study, what is the primary commodity considered for transportation?

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the role of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the multimodal transportation decision support model?

Because in decision making, analytical hierarchical processes are used in a variety of tasks such as road network selection, resource allocation, and environmental impact assessment to make transport more systematic and reduce problems during transportation.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which risk is NOT considered in the list of risks assessed for multimodal transportation route selection?

Focus on direct impact on transportation operations: The research focuses on assessing risks that directly affect the efficiency and safety of freight transport, such as freight damage risk, security risk, legal risk, and financial risk.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does ZOGP stand for, and what is its role in the model?

The ZOGP model has been applied very frequently because it is simple to use and understand .

From the article titled Selecting Weapons Systems Using Target Zero Programming and Network Analysis Process by Ren-Shuai Chen, it is stated that "Under such a multi-criteria decision-making process, military users and experts' judgment can be brought to select an appropriate system. Finally, an example is given to show how this process works."

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following is NOT a mode of transport discussed in the multimodal transportation case study?

โจทย์ ปรนัย
In the context of the AHP used in the study, what does a consistency ratio (CR) less than 0.1 indicate?

Consistency Ratio (CR) is a measure of the consistency of pairwise comparisons. It compares the consistency of an expert's decision to the consistency of a random set of decisions (calculated using the Random Index or RI).

Information about this principle can be found in Saaty's research, such as in his book "The Analytic Hierarchy Process" (1980), and in research papers related to the use of AHP in multidimensional decision making (MCDM) that use the Consistency Ratio (CR) principle to assess the reliability of AHP results.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary purpose of sensitivity analysis in the context of the ZOGP model used in the study?

When using ZOGP (Zero-One Goal Programming) to decide on a weapon system, the outcome depends on various parameters such as the weights of the criteria, the set goals, and constraints. Using Sensitivity Analysis, we can determine whether the final outcome (i.e. the weapon system chosen) will remain the same if these parameters are changed (i.e. increased or decreased). If the parameter changes the outcome significantly, it means that the model is not robust or resistant to these changes. However, if the outcome does not change significantly when the parameters are adjusted, it means that the model is highly robust and can handle uncertainty well.

From Zhang, Z., & Shen, L. (2013). Sensitivity analysis in project selection based on zero-one goal programming: A case study. International Journal of Project Management, 31(7), 1032-1043. This article provides a study on the use of Zero-One Goal Programming (ZOGP) and Sensitivity Analysis in project selection, examining the effects of changing parameters such as set goals and financial constraints, which can be applied to the decision-making of weapons or systems in the same study.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following best describes the role of multimodal transportation in global trade according to the study?

Efficient transportation systems enable companies to better compete in the global market by responding to market demands faster and at lower costs than their competitors, thus increasing their competitiveness both locally and internationally. Multi-modal transportation systems enable goods to move smoothly and quickly across borders, thus streamlining international trade. The use of efficient transportation supports the expansion of international trade and provides companies with opportunities to grow in the global market.

From The Transport Geography of Logistics and Freight Distribution. Journal of Transport Geography, 12(3), 171-181. This article discusses the link between multimodal freight transport and efficient global logistics management, where multimodal transport enables faster, more cost-effective and more responsive freight delivery.

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What is the main natural cause of landslides along the Jammu-Srinagar National Highway?

Continuous heavy rainfall is an important factor in inducing changes in soil and mountain structure, making it susceptible to landslides, which is a major cause of frequent accidents on this highway.

According to the article “Causes of Landslides and Identifying the Parameters Responsible for Slope Failure on NH-44 Jammu Srinagar National Highway for EWS”, the causes of landslides on the Jammu-Srinagar National Highway (NH-44) are: Heavy Rainfall: Heavy and continuous rain is a major factor in triggering landslides as the waterlogged soil makes it less cohesive, which makes it easier for soil to slide off the ground. Steep Terrain: The highway passes through steep terrain, which makes the area prone to landslides. The steep slopes are often unstable and prone to soil movement. Earthquake Activity: Earthquake vibrations can destabilize mountainous or cliff-like areas, leading to landslides. Soil Composition and Structure: Soil type and structure play a major role in the stability of a site. If soil is loose and unstable, it is more susceptible to landslides. Human Activities: Road construction, logging, and lack of proper drainage can increase the risk of landslides. Logging removes the roots of trees that hold the soil in place, making it easier for soil to move. Changes in groundwater levels: Changes in groundwater levels from heavy rainfall or snowmelt can weaken soil, leading to landslides.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
According to the article, what technology is used to assess landslide-prone areas along the highway?

Use remote sensing techniques such as satellite photography to collect real-time topographic data and spatial changes. The use of satellite images and remote sensing data effectively helps monitor landslide risk because it can provide comprehensive information and reach areas that are difficult to access. Topographic changes and landslide risks in steep areas can be monitored quickly and with high accuracy. And use remote sensing techniques such as satellite photography to collect real-time topographic data and spatial changes. The use of satellite images and remote sensing data effectively helps monitor landslide risk because it can provide comprehensive information and reach areas that are difficult to access. Topographic changes and landslide risks in steep areas can be monitored quickly and with high accuracy.

From the article Causes of Landslides and Identifying the Parameters Responsible for Slope Failure on NH-44 Jammu Srinagar National Highway for EWS This article focuses on the study of the causes of landslides and identifying the parameters responsible for slope failure on NH-44 Jammu-Srinagar National Highway using data obtained from the analysis of topography and terrain. The area is prone to landslides due to: Steep terrain and elevation changes caused by heavy rainfall and water accumulation Human activities such as deforestation and road construction affecting soil stability Soil characteristics such as loose soil and unstable bedrock structures The article also discusses the use of technologies such as Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in studying landslide-prone areas, along with the use of landslide risk mapping to aid decision-making in disaster management and prevention planning.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the relationship between land surface temperature (LST) and underground water level mentioned in the study?

As groundwater levels rise, land surface temperatures (LST) decrease due to reduced evaporation and increased absorption of heat from soil water, reducing surface temperatures.

This study investigates how groundwater levels affect the land surface energy balance. The land surface energy balance consists of the energy received from sunlight and the energy lost or stored in the system, including latent heat from water evaporation, sensible heat from the surface heating, and ground heat flux. The presence of groundwater near the land surface can reduce land surface temperature because groundwater increases soil moisture and promotes evaporation, a process that absorbs heat from the land surface, thus reducing land surface temperature.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
How is the threshold value for landslide triggering determined as per the study?

Field surveys help to collect data on the actual environment such as groundwater level, rainfall, slope, soil type and topography, which are important data for determining the threshold for triggering landslides. These surveys help to assess the landslide risk in different areas more accurately, and soil engineering parameters such as soil moisture, soil density, shear strength and bearing capacity of soil are used to determine the stability of the soil in the area. These data help to calculate the condition of the soil that is likely to fail when triggered by factors such as heavy rainfall or rising groundwater levels.

From the study "Landslide Susceptibility Assessment of Calabar, Nigeria Using Geotechnical, Remote Sensing, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis: Implications for Urban Planning and Development", the relevant message can be summarized as follows: The study focuses on assessing landslide susceptibility in Calabar, Nigeria using multi-perspective analysis, including geotechnical soil engineering parameters, remote sensing, and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), to assess the risk and identify high-risk areas for landslides. The study aims to provide important information for urban planning and development, especially in managing landslide-prone areas.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
If the mean monthly rainfall in April is 150 mm and it increases by 20% in May, what is the mean monthly rainfall in May?

The reason for the answer is "180 mm" because the question states that the average rainfall in April is 150 mm and that in May there was a 20% increase in rainfall from April. So the calculation is as follows: 1.) Calculate 20% of 150 mm, which gives 30 mm. 2.) Add 30 mm to 150 mm to get the total rainfall in May, which is 180 mm.

From websites like MathIsFun.com or Mathway.com that explain and provide tools for calculating percentages.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Given that the slope angle in a studied section is 45 degrees and the friction angle (phi) is 11 degrees, what is the ratio of friction angle to slope angle?

Given: Friction angle (𝜙) = 11 degrees Slope angle = 45 degrees The ratio is calculated as follows: Ratio = 𝜙 / slope angle = 11/45 Ratio ≈ 0.2444 So, the ratio of the friction angle to the slope angle is approximately 0.244. ​

This formula is a basic calculation that can be used to compare the magnitude of different angles in engineering studies, such as landslide risk assessment or slope design. This formula is often used in research studies related to geoengineering, soil engineering, and natural hazard analysis. This calculation uses angle division to examine the relationship between the friction angle caused by soil properties and the slope angle in steep environments, which can be used in landslide risk analysis or structural design in areas with high slopes.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
If the specific gravity of soil is 2.74 and the natural density is 1.69 kg/cm³, what is the approximate weight of 1 cubic meter of soil?

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Assuming that the direct shear of soil is 0.05 kg/cm², how much shear force is exerted on a 10 cm x 10 cm area?

Given: Shear strength = 0.05 kg/cm² Area = 10 x 10 = 100 cm² Calculation: Shear Force = 0.05 \100 = 5 kg

To calculate the shear force exerted on the given area, use the formula: Shear Force = Shear Strength x Area

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If the rate of land surface temperature change is 0.1°C per year starting at 24.94°C in 2020, what will be the LST in 2024?

Given: • Initial LST in 2020 = 24.94°C • Rate of change = 0.1°C per year • Years from 2020 to 2024 = 2024 - 2020 = 4 Calculation: LST2024 = 24.94 + (0.1 \times 4) LST2024 = 24.94 + 0.4 LST2024 = 25.34°C

To calculate the land surface temperature (LST) in 2024, use the formula: LST final = LST initial + (rate of change x years)

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What method does the study use to forecast future landslides?

The correct answer is: 3. ARIMA and SPSS Forecasting Model ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) is a widely used statistical model for time-series forecasting, and SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is a software tool that supports data analysis and predictive modeling. These methods are reliable for forecasting future landslides based on historical patterns and trends.

The research on “Rainfall Forecasting Using Smoothing Techniques, ARIMA Techniques, and Support Vector Machine Techniques” studied and compared the efficiency of three forecasting techniques: Exponential Smoothing, ARIMA Model, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) in forecasting rainfall. In data analysis, this research used the ready-made program SPSS for Windows and MINITAB to analyze and forecast rainfall using three statistical forecasting techniques: Decomposition Method, Winter’s Exponential Smoothing Method, and Box-Jenkins Method, also known as the ARIMA model.