| 1 |
Which of the following best describes the concept of "beat perception" as it relates to the auditory capabilities of newborn infants?
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The extraction of a consistent rhythm from a sequence of sounds. |
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A beat is a consistent sound and perception means how the infant receives information through their senses.
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the other choices don't match or don't address what a beat is.
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| 2 |
According to the research, what experimental method is used to differentiate beat perception from statistical learning in newborns?
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Monitoring brain activity using EEG during auditory stimulation. |
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the other methods don't test how infants can perceive beats.
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in order to differentiate between beat perception and statistical learning in new borns you have to know how the newborn responds to each,
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| 3 |
What does the mismatch response (MMR) in EEG studies indicate about newborns' auditory processing?
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Ability to memorize and recall auditory sequences. |
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If there is a mismatch response in EEG studies, it means that the newborn has different responses to each sound.
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If a newborn is able to have different responses to different sounds, it means that the new born is able to differentiate the sounds, which then means that the newborn can memorize different auditory sequences and therefore having a different response for each one.
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| 4 |
What does the term "statistical learning" refer to in the context of auditory processing in newborns?
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Memorization of sound frequencies and durations. |
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newborns are able to differentiate between different sounds
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statistical learning means being able to find patterns in different things. In the case of a newborns auditory processing, they will find patterns and memorize different sound frequencies and durations to be able to respond accordingly.
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| 5 |
Which condition in the EEG study did NOT result in a differentiation between beat and offbeat responses in newborns?
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Jittered condition. |
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jittered conditions mean that the timing between beats are irregular and unpredictable
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if the beats are unpredictable, newborns will not be able to follow a clear beat that will differentiate between beat and offbeat response.
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| 6 |
Which neural mechanism is thought to underlie the synchronization of movement to a beat?
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Neural entrainment. |
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neural entrainment is how our brain waves will synchronize to the beat of a sound.
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this will cause our movements to be more timed and coordinated, which is why movement is affected by a beat.
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| 7 |
How does beat perception in newborns relate to their later musical abilities?
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It is fundamental for developing rhythmic coordination and timing. |
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beat perception can help newborns hear different beats in different sounds.
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Neural entrainment is caused by our brain waves matching the beat of a sound, which will help newborns develop rhythmic coordination and timing.
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| 8 |
What is the primary purpose of using EEG in studies of auditory processing in newborns?
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To record brain responses to sounds. |
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EEG is used to monitor a brain's response and activity.
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How a newborn responds to different sounds shows a different in processing. Since newborns aren't able to tell us what they are thinking and how they are processing information, we need to look at how the respond to different sounds.
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| 9 |
What does an isochronous condition in an auditory study typically involve?
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A consistent temporal interval between sounds. |
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A consistent temporal interval between sounds means that there is a steady beat.
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When there is a clear beat, it will make it easier to see how our brains react to hearing a consistent beat
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| 10 |
Which auditory feature is NOT directly studied in the newborn auditory processing research?
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Language comprehension. |
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language comprehension is how will someone understands a language.
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Studying this will not give anymore information on how a newborn processes auditory information because newborns aren't able to comprehend conversations.
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| 11 |
What term is used to describe the appearance of scientific credibility used in the marketing of unproven cell-based therapies?
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Tokens of scientific legitimacy |
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tokens of scientific legitimacy refers to instances where elements that seem credible scientifically are used to make unproven cell-cased therapies seem reliable.
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the appearance of scientific credibility means perhaps the evidence used to present a treatment as credible might not be correct or might've been taken out of context.
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| 12 |
According to the article, which of the following is NOT a recognized reporting mechanism for adverse effects from cell and gene therapies?
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Consumer Protection Agencies |
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consumer protection agencies don't usually act as a reporting platform.
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The other choices act as a more specific reporting platform than the consumer protection agencies.
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| 13 |
What ethical consideration is primarily challenged by direct-to-consumer marketing of unproven cell and gene therapies?
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Informed consent processes |
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consent is one of the most important factors when performing medical practices on someone.
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unproven cell and gene therapies might not have the correct scientific evidence to support their practice, which makes it difficult for direct-to-consumer marketing because of transparency.
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| 14 |
What key feature differentiates proven CGT products from unproven ones according to regulatory standards?
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Pre-marketing authorization by regulatory bodies |
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proven CGT products need to reach a certain standard and verification.
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Regulatory bodies will only premarket and authorize products that are proven CGT products, therefore the products they advertise will meet regulatory standards.
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| 15 |
Which of the following is a risk associated with unproven CGT products highlighted in the article?
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Potential for serious health risks |
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unproven CGT products may or may not reach the regulatory standard.
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This means that the unproven CGT products might have some dangers associated with them because they have not been officially approved by major regulation companies, which could cause serious health complications.
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| 16 |
Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of unproven CGT products as discussed in the article?
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Approval by major regulatory agencies |
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major regulatory agencies will typically only advertise and approve CGT approved products.
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unapproved CGT products will most likely not gain much approval from major regulatory agencies because they were not approved, most likely because they don't meet the regulatory standards.
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| 17 |
How do regulatory bodies like the FDA and EMA ensure the safety of CGT products?
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By conducting independent clinical trials |
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clinical trials are extremely important when testing the safety of different products because there might be factors that weren't considered for prior to the testing.
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conducting clinical trials will ensure the safety of CGT products before it is officially approved and released to the general public.
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| 18 |
What is the primary goal of the ISCT's position on cell and gene therapies as mentioned in the article?
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To support evidence-based products and oppose unproven ones |
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The ISCT's position on cell and gene therapies to ensure the safety of consumers.
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To do this, they will need to use support evidence based products and encourage the use of approved products, while not supporting the unproven ones to prevent unwanted side effects or health risks.
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| 19 |
What is a potential consequence for patients using unproven CGT products?
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Risk of serious adverse effects |
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unproven CGT products may have side effects that weren't accounted for, perhaps because of inadequate clinical testing.
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These side effects might be serious health complications or other effects.
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| 20 |
What role does the ISCT play in the context of cell and gene therapies?
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It serves as a regulatory body like the FDA. |
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The ISCT makes cell and gene therapy safer and easier to access for the general public.
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This means that they act sort of like a regulatory body, as in they ensure the safety of the cell and gene therapies, while also making it more accessible.
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