โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary goal of using multimodal transportation in logistics as per the discussed research?

This approach integrates different modes of transportation to optimize efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and reliability in the logistics process.

Logistics Management Theory, which focuses on reducing transportation costs and risks while ensuring timely delivery. This theory emphasizes the integration of multiple transportation modes.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which method is primarily used for decision-making in multimodal transportation route selection?

The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to weigh these criteria based on their relative importance, allowing for structured decision-making. Meanwhile, Zero-One Goal Programming (ZOGP) is employed to optimize the solution based on predefined goals, such as minimizing transportation costs or ensuring on-time delivery.

This approach is based on multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM), where AHP helps in breaking down complex decision problems into a hierarchy, allowing for clearer judgments. ZOGP then ensures that these decisions meet predefined targets while optimizing trade-offs.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
According to the case study, what is the primary commodity considered for transportation?

Perishable goods, such as food, require rapid transit with careful temperature control and monitoring, making multimodal transportation a crucial part of their logistics. They often need to be delivered as quickly as possible, which means utilizing multiple transportation methods (e.g., road, rail, air) to ensure timely and safe delivery, particularly when crossing long distances or international borders.

Multimodal transportation is especially beneficial for perishable goods because it can optimize routes and minimize time in transit, ensuring that the products maintain their quality and freshness. This is supported by Logistics Management Theory, which emphasizes efficiency, speed, and cost-effectiveness, all of which are essential for transporting perishable items.

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What is the role of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in the multimodal transportation decision support model?

the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is primarily used to establish weights for different criteria based on expert judgment. AHP is a structured decision-making tool that helps decision-makers evaluate complex, multi-criteria problems by breaking them down into a hierarchy.

AHP is grounded in multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) theory, which is used to solve complex decision problems involving multiple, often conflicting, criteria. In the context of multimodal transportation, AHP helps in prioritizing criteria like cost, time, distance, and risk factors based on expert input, ensuring that the most critical factors are given the appropriate weight in the decision-making process.

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Which risk is NOT considered in the list of risks assessed for multimodal transportation route selection?

In the context of multimodal transportation route selection, the primary risks typically assessed are related to factors directly impacting the transportation process, such as freight damage risk, security risk, legal risk, and financial risk. These are directly linked to the safety, cost, and efficiency of the transportation process.

This assessment is based on risk management principles in logistics and transportation, which prioritize operational risks (damage, security, legal, financial) to ensure the smooth flow of goods. The focus on operational risks rather than health-related concerns is a reflection of logistics management theory, which emphasizes efficiency, cost control, and reliability in transportation systems.

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What does ZOGP stand for, and what is its role in the model?

Zero-One Goal Programming (ZOGP) is a mathematical optimization technique used in decision-making processes, particularly in situations where multiple goals need to be achieved simultaneously, but with limited resources or constraints.

The use of goal programming comes from Operations Research and Optimization Theory, which is a branch of logistics management. ZOGP, specifically, is used for optimizing complex decision problems with multiple goals, providing a structured way to choose routes that balance different factors and constraints. This makes it an ideal tool in multimodal transportation, where multiple goals and route options are present.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following is NOT a mode of transport discussed in the multimodal transportation case study?

In a multimodal transportation case study, all the listed modes—rail, sea, air, and road—are typically discussed, as the primary purpose of multimodal transportation is to combine different modes of transport to optimize efficiency, cost, and delivery time. These modes are commonly used in various combinations depending on factors such as the type of goods, distance, cost considerations, and time sensitivity.

Multimodal transportation management theory is based on the idea of integrating multiple transportation modes to achieve optimal performance. The selection of these modes depends on cost optimization, time sensitivity, and risk management. Each mode has its strengths and is used according to the specific needs of the logistics operation. This combination of modes is essential for the cost-effective and timely delivery of goods.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
In the context of the AHP used in the study, what does a consistency ratio (CR) less than 0.1 indicate?

In the context of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the consistency ratio (CR) is used to measure the consistency of the judgments made during the pairwise comparisons. The CR is calculated by comparing the consistency of the judgments to a random consistency index. A CR value less than 0.1 indicates that the judgments made during the pairwise comparisons are sufficiently consistent and that the decision-making process is reliable.

The AHP method is based on pairwise comparisons, where decision-makers compare the relative importance of different criteria. The consistency ratio is an important aspect of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) and helps ensure the validity of the judgments. If the CR is low (less than 0.1), it means the judgments align well, supporting the reliability of the decision-making process. If the CR is too high, the process may need to be revisited to adjust the comparisons, which could involve recalculating or reinterpreting the input data.

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What is the primary purpose of sensitivity analysis in the context of the ZOGP model used in the study?

In the context of Zero-One Goal Programming (ZOGP), sensitivity analysis is used to assess how changes in input parameters (such as costs, constraints, or goal values) affect the model’s outcomes. The primary purpose of sensitivity analysis is to determine whether the results of the optimization model are robust or if small changes in the input data lead to significant changes in the solution.

The use of sensitivity analysis in optimization models like ZOGP is rooted in Operations Research and Optimization Theory, which focus on understanding how variations in model inputs influence the outcomes. In decision support systems, especially in logistics and transportation, it's critical to test how sensitive the optimal solution is to changes in key factors, ensuring the model remains effective even when real-world conditions fluctuate.

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Which of the following best describes the role of multimodal transportation in global trade according to the study?

According to the study, multimodal transportation plays a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency of both local industries and international trade. By integrating different modes of transportation (e.g., road, rail, sea, air), it helps optimize the logistics chain, reducing costs, improving delivery times, and increasing the flexibility of moving goods across various regions. This efficiency and flexibility enable companies to be more competitive in the global market, providing them with the ability to meet customer demands faster and at lower costs.

The concept is grounded in global supply chain management theory, which emphasizes the importance of optimizing transportation networks to improve the competitiveness of industries. By using multimodal transport, businesses can reduce delays, lower transportation costs, and increase the overall efficiency of global logistics networks, contributing significantly to the global economy.

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What is the main natural cause of landslides along the Jammu-Srinagar National Highway?

Geographical Characteristics – The highway passes through the Himalayas, a region with steep slopes and naturally unstable soil. High Rainfall – The area experiences heavy rainfall, especially during the monsoon season (June–September), and snowfall in winter. When snow melts, water seeps into the soil, weakening its structure. Soil Saturation – Continuous heavy rain leads to water infiltration, reducing cohesion between soil particles, ultimately triggering landslides.

Hydrological Triggering Mechanism – Heavy rainfall saturates the soil, reducing friction and leading to slope failure. Shear Strength Reduction Theory – Water accumulation decreases the internal resistance of soil, increasing the risk of landslides. Slope Stability Theory (Terzaghi, 1950s) – The stability of slopes depends on cohesive forces and gravity. When resistance decreases due to water infiltration, landslides occur more easily.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
According to the article, what technology is used to assess landslide-prone areas along the highway?

Remote Sensing: This technology involves collecting data from satellite or aerial sensors to monitor and analyze the Earth's surface. It is widely used to detect and map landslide-prone areas by providing detailed imagery and terrain information. ARIMA Modeling: AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) is a statistical analysis technique primarily used for time series forecasting. While it is effective in predicting trends based on historical data, its direct application in assessing landslide-prone areas is not well-documented in the provided sources.

Given the information at hand, the most appropriate answer is None of the Above, as the specific combination of Remote Sensing and ARIMA Modeling is not confirmed in the context of assessing landslide-prone areas along the highway.

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What is the relationship between land surface temperature (LST) and underground water level mentioned in the study?

When the underground water level increases, LST tends to decrease due to increased soil moisture and evaporative cooling. When the underground water level decreases, LST tends to rise because of reduced moisture and higher surface heat retention.

The relationship between Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Underground Water Level can be explained using principles from hydrometeorology and soil and water physics.

โจทย์ ปรนัย
How is the threshold value for landslide triggering determined as per the study?

The threshold value for landslide triggering is determined based on field surveys and geotechnical parameters because landslides are influenced by various soil, geological, hydrological, and meteorological factors. Determining the threshold requires a combination of empirical data, field measurements, and scientific models.

1. Shear Strength and Factor of Safety (FoS) in Landslide Analysis Landslides occur when the shear stress (driving force) exceeds the shear strength (resisting force) of a slope. The Factor of Safety (FoS) 2. Rainfall-Induced Landslide Thresholds 3. Remote Sensing & GIS-Based Susceptibility Mapping

โจทย์ ปรนัย
If the mean monthly rainfall in April is 150 mm and it increases by 20% in May, what is the mean monthly rainfall in May?

Given April rainfall = 150 mm Increase in May = 20% of 150 mm 150×0.20=30 mm Total May rainfall: 150+30=180 mm

Percentage Increase Formula: New Value=Original Value+(Original Value×Percentage Increase) New Value=Original Value+(Original Value×Percentage Increase) Linear Rainfall Trend Analysis: Common in hydrology for estimating seasonal variations.

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Given that the slope angle in a studied section is 45 degrees and the friction angle (phi) is 11 degrees, what is the ratio of friction angle to slope angle?

The ratio of the friction angle (φ) to the slope angle (θ) is calculated as: Ratio= θ/ϕ Given: Slope angle (θ) = 45° Friction angle (φ) = 11° Ratio=11/45=0.244 ≈0.24

Slope Stability Analysis: The friction angle (φ) represents the soil's resistance to sliding, while the slope angle (θ) determines gravitational stress. Factor of Safety (FoS) often depends on the ratio of φ to θ, influencing landslide risk assessments.

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If the specific gravity of soil is 2.74 and the natural density is 1.69 kg/cm³, what is the approximate weight of 1 cubic meter of soil?

Natural density = 1.69 kg/cm³ 1 cm³ = 10^{-6} m³, so 1 kg/cm³ = 10^3 kg/m³ Therefore, 1.69 kg/cm³ = 1690 kg/m³ Volume = 1 m³ Weight=1690kg

Density represents the mass per unit volume of a substance. When multiplied by volume, it gives the total mass (or weight) of the material. Specific Gravity is used to calculate the dry unit weight of the soil in other scenarios, but it’s not needed here since the natural density is provided directly.

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Assuming that the direct shear of soil is 0.05 kg/cm², how much shear force is exerted on a 10 cm x 10 cm area?

Shear Force=Shear Stress×Area Given: Shear stress = 0.05 kg/cm² Area = 10 cm x 10 cm = 100 cm² Now, calculate the shear force: Shear Force=0.05kg/cm²×100cm²=5Kg

Shear stress is the force applied per unit area. The formula used here assumes uniform shear stress across the area. Direct shear tests typically provide shear stress values that, when multiplied by the affected area, give the resulting shear force.

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If the rate of land surface temperature change is 0.1°C per year starting at 24.94°C in 2020, what will be the LST in 2024?

The rate of change of land surface temperature (LST) is 0.1°C per year. Given that the starting temperature in 2020 is 24.94°C, we can calculate the temperature for 2024 by adding the change in temperature over 4 years (from 2020 to 2024): Temperature change = 0.1   °C/year × 4   years = 0.4   °C Temperature change=0.1°C/year×4years=0.4°C Now, add this change to the initial LST in 2020: LST in 2024=24.94°C+0.4°C=25.34°C

The rate of change formula is applied here: New Temperature=Initial Temperature+(Rate of Change×Number of Years

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What method does the study use to forecast future landslides?

The study uses the ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) model and SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) for forecasting future landslides. These methods are widely used for time-series forecasting and statistical modeling, allowing for the prediction of future events based on historical data patterns.

Time-Series Forecasting: ARIMA and SPSS are effective in analyzing historical data to predict future occurrences of events, such as landslides, based on trends and patterns in the data. Statistical Models like ARIMA are designed to capture the temporal dependencies in the data, providing more accurate forecasts than simple guesswork or subjective methods.