| 1 |
Which of the following best describes the concept of "beat perception" as it relates to the auditory capabilities of newborn infants?
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The extraction of a consistent rhythm from a sequence of sounds. |
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"beats" are usually defined as a consistent rhythm. Hence, the perception of beats would be the recognition or extraction of information from a rhthym to form a beat.
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"In sound sequences, several types of structure can be discerned
that contribute to efficient processing, including regularities in the
temporal aspects of a sequence (i.e., the ‘beat’)". This states that beats are sound sequences that happens in a regular interval.
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| 2 |
According to the research, what experimental method is used to differentiate beat perception from statistical learning in newborns?
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Monitoring brain activity using EEG during auditory stimulation. |
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To measure whether or not the infant has reponsded to the stimuli, we utilize EEG to measure the brain acitivty of the infant.
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As stated within the test, "Here, we manipulated the isochrony of sound sequences in order to disentangle statistical
learning from beat perception in sleeping newborn infants in an EEG experiment." This clarifies that the experiment does utilize EEG.
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| 3 |
What does the mismatch response (MMR) in EEG studies indicate about newborns' auditory processing?
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Sensitivity to regularity violations in sound sequences. |
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The evidences for this answer can be found within the provided materials.
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As it was stated within the text, "A mismatch response (MMR) similar to MMN can be measured in
young infants in response to regularity violations", regularity violations can elicit a response from infants
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| 4 |
What does the term "statistical learning" refer to in the context of auditory processing in newborns?
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Extraction of regularities from the order of sounds without explicit feedback. |
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Statistical learning is the ability to extract regularities from sounds.
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" Statistical learning in its narrowest sense is the extraction of these regularities from the order of the elements of the input without explicit feedback or even awareness after prolonged exposure "
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| 5 |
Which condition in the EEG study did NOT result in a differentiation between beat and offbeat responses in newborns?
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Isochronous condition. |
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| 6 |
Which neural mechanism is thought to underlie the synchronization of movement to a beat?
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Neural entrainment. |
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The perception of rhythym allows for the synchronization of movement to the beat.
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"This coordination is thought to result from the
coupling of internal low frequency oscillations in auditory and motor
areas with the external rhythmic signal (neural entrainment)". This states that Neural entertainment is responsible for the synchronization of movement to beat
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| 7 |
How does beat perception in newborns relate to their later musical abilities?
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It is fundamental for developing rhythmic coordination and timing. |
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Rhythm give rises to beats, thus, if we lack beat perception then we will not be able to perceive rhythm. The ability to perceive beat is crucial for Rhythmic coordination and timing.
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"The perception of a regular beat in music allows us to predict
the timing of musical events and thus to synchronize and dance to
music together..." In this quote, it states that the perception of beat allows us to predict timing.
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| 8 |
What is the primary purpose of using EEG in studies of auditory processing in newborns?
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To record brain responses to sounds. |
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EEG is responsible for measuring brain acitivity. In order to record brain responses to stimuli, we need to use EEG.
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EEG was used inside the experiments to record brain response to external stimuli and the results were graphed.
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| 9 |
What does an isochronous condition in an auditory study typically involve?
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A consistent temporal interval between sounds. |
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The definition of isochronous is something that happens at regular interval.
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If the term isochronous utilized then it signifies that the beat would happen at a conistent interval.
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| 10 |
Which auditory feature is NOT directly studied in the newborn auditory processing research?
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Melody recognition. |
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Beat perception, Statistical learning, language comprehension, and rhythmic entrainment were all mentioned in the text. Melody recognition was not.
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Melody recognition was not mentioned within the text.
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| 11 |
What term is used to describe the appearance of scientific credibility used in the marketing of unproven cell-based therapies?
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Tokens of scientific legitimacy |
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Tokens of scientific legitimacy is used to pretend that the unproven cell-based therapies has scientific background. This is used as an advertisement method.
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"These unproven interventions are often marketed in a manner
that appears to suggest they are supported by stronger scientific evidence than exists. These marketing strategies are collectively referred
to as “tokens of scientific legitimacy” "
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| 12 |
According to the article, which of the following is NOT a recognized reporting mechanism for adverse effects from cell and gene therapies?
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Consumer Protection Agencies |
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Clinicaltrials.gov, TGA'S Safety Reporting Portal, Medwatch, EudraVigilance, are all government programs or government funded programs. This means that they are reliable and can pass the report to authorities.
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Consumer Protection Agencies are usually private companies. Thus, you should only get resources and evidences from them
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| 13 |
What ethical consideration is primarily challenged by direct-to-consumer marketing of unproven cell and gene therapies?
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Informed consent processes |
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| 14 |
What key feature differentiates proven CGT products from unproven ones according to regulatory standards?
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Pre-marketing authorization by regulatory bodies |
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All of the methods provided, with the exception of the authorization by regulatory bodies, are methods that do not denote to the authenticity of the product.
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The text states that proven CGT products undergo testings and needs to be authorized by a regulatory body, such as the FDA.
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| 15 |
Which of the following is a risk associated with unproven CGT products highlighted in the article?
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Potential for serious health risks |
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CGT products affects the cells so if an unproven CGT were to enter your body, it could cause major health problems.
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CGT procuts directly alter the cells so an unproven product might cause adverse side effect which can be detrimental to your health.
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| 16 |
Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of unproven CGT products as discussed in the article?
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Approval by major regulatory agencies |
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All of the characteristics, with the exception of approval by major regulatory agencies, are all traits that can be expected within unproven CGT products or other shady business practices.
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Proven CGT products need to be authorized or approved by a regulatory agency. Hence, unproven CGT products are products that have not been approved.
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| 17 |
How do regulatory bodies like the FDA and EMA ensure the safety of CGT products?
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By requiring rigorous pre-marketing clinical trials |
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Regulatory bodies exist to regulate items and check the result of tests done by the company attempting to sell the product.
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Major regulatory bodies set standards and methods that companies need to follow when conducting their tests.
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| 18 |
What is the primary goal of the ISCT's position on cell and gene therapies as mentioned in the article?
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To support evidence-based products and oppose unproven ones |
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ISCT is a committee that works to support evidence based products.
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"The goal of ISCT and peer scientific organizations is to advocate for patient safety and access to new therapies by supporting clinical translational processes and corresponding regulatory paths developed to generate robust safety and efficacy data before products are commercialized."
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| 19 |
What is a potential consequence for patients using unproven CGT products?
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Risk of serious adverse effects |
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Any products that deal with health and is unproven, has a high chance of causing serious health problems.
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CGT products deal with cells and genes, which if tampered incorrectly, may result in major health risk.
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| 20 |
What role does the ISCT play in the context of cell and gene therapies?
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It opposes the premature commercialization of unproven therapies. |
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ISCT is not a body that sets up regulation but one that advocates for changes.
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"The goal of ISCT and peer scientific organizations is to advocate for patient safety and access to new therapies by supporting clinical translational processes and corresponding regulatory paths developed to generate robust safety and efficacy data before products are commercialized."
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