| 1 |
What type of learning is discussed in relation to newborn infants in the context of sound sequences?
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Statistical learning |
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Statistical learning is the ability of newborn infants to learn complex sound sequences
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Statistical learning is the primary theory that explains how newborn infants can recognize patterns in sound sequences, and it suggests that newborns can detect deviancies in their environment. (Saffran et al.1996)
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| 2 |
What experimental method was used to study the infants?
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EEG experiments |
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An electroencephalograph (EEG) is a noninvasive measurement of electrical activity in different parts of the brain and the recording of such activity as a visual trace, such as on paper
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EEGs were used to record the brain activity of infants while they were asleep. When exposed to various sounds, (Anders, Emde, & Parmelee, 1971)
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| 3 |
What was used to induce a beat in sound sequences during the study?
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Isochronous timing |
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The researchers used a binary-accented sequence that creates a beat with isochronous timing, but not with randomly jittered timing.
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The rhymic stimulus patterns used in the experiment included noises that occurred at both isochronous and irregular/jittered intervals (Adapted from Honing et al., 2018)
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| 4 |
What is a key outcome of beat perception studies in newborns?
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Presence of beat processing |
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The experiment supports the hypothesis that newborn infants are capable of beat-based processing and statistical learning, suggesting that they can detect a steady pulse.
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Beat processing could be considered a biological trait, and the experiment is important for providing evidence of beat perception isochrony perception, and statistical learning to be three distinct mechanisms. (Niarchou, Gustavson, Sathirapongsasuti, et al., 2022)
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| 5 |
What does the mismatch response (MMR) indicate in newborn infants?
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Regularity violation detection |
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In response to Regularity violation detections, a mismatch response could be measured.
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A mismatch response (MMR) similar to MMN can be measured in young infants in response to regularity violations, including sleeping ones (Alho, Sainio, Sajaniemi, Reinikainen, & Nääatänen, ¨ 1990; H´aden, N´emeth, Török, & Winkler, 2016)
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| 6 |
What aspect of the sound was manipulated to test beat perception separately from statistical learning?
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Timing (isochronous vs. jittered) |
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Timing was the main aspect of sound manipulated to test the beat perception separately from statistical learning, as it was isochronous and jittered.
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The study of beat perception focuses on the temporal structures of sounds — where it involves both isochronous and jittered. (Patel, 2008; Kotz, Ravignani, & Fitch, 2018)
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| 7 |
According to the study, why is the detection of a beat significant in newborns?
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It indicates a foundational musical trait |
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According to the article, the detection of a beat is significant in newborns because it indicates a foundational musical trait, where infants can notice pitch changes
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The acoustic variation in a sequence, such as differences in pitch or intensity between events can aid in the detection of a beat (Bouwer, Burgoyne, Odijk, Honing, & Grahn, 2018))
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| 8 |
How does the article describe the relationship between statistical learning and beat processing in newborns?
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Beat processing enhances statistical learning |
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The article suggests that the relationship between beat processing and statistical learning is that the former enhances the latter in newborns.
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Rhythmic abilities in infants, including beat perception, contribute by aiding learning processes (Honing, ten Cate, Peretz,
& Trehub, 2015).
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| 9 |
Which physiological measure was primarily used to assess responses to sound sequences in the study?
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Electroencephalography (EEG) |
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EEgs were the physiological measure primarily used to assess responses to sound sequences in the study
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The brain activities and waves were recorded by EEGs, which showed deviancies when different stimuli were exposed to them¸ (Version 2019, Delorme & Makeig, 2004),
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| 10 |
What does the presence of a clear Mismatch Response (MMR) to beat and offbeat positions in an isochronous condition suggest about newborns' auditory capabilities?
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Advanced capabilities in detecting rhythm |
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What does the presence of a clear Mismatch Response (MMR) to beat and offbeat positions in an isochronous condition suggest advanced capabilities for newborns detecting rhythms
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Infants show neural responses, such as MMR, to changes in rhythmic patterns, which show the role of rhythm perception (Winkler et al., 2009)
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| 11 |
What is the main focus of the cell and gene therapies article?
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Evidence-based cell and gene therapies |
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The main focus of the cell and gene therapies article is Evidence-based cell and gene therapies.
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The importance of Cell and Gene Therapies is that they can drastically alter the methods utilized in biomedical sciences ([2] Cook M, Richey A, Brafman DA, Frow EK. Weighing up the evidence used by direct-to-consumer stem cell businesses. Stem Cell Rep 2021;16(12):2852–60.)
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| 12 |
What does CGT stand for in the context of the article?
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Cell and Gene Therapies |
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In the context of the article, CGT stands for Cell and Gene Therapies which are biomedical research treatments aimed to improve or alter cells
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CGTs are important (ISCT Presidential Task Force on the Use of Unproven Cellular Therapies, Reference Guide, 2015. https://www.isctglobal.org/about/isct-committees/ecgt/ptfreferenceguide. (Accessed March 3 2023).)
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| 13 |
What does the article caution against?
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Direct-to-consumer marketing of unproven CGTs |
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The article cautions against direct-to-consumer marketing of unproven CGTs
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Direct-to-consumer marketing of unproven CGTs could lead to patient harm and financial exploitation (Osborne J, Pimentel D. Science, misinformation, and the role of education. Science 2022;378(6617):246–8._
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| 14 |
According to the article, what is a risk associated with unproven CGTs?
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Misleading advertising |
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According to the article, the risk associated with unproven CGTs is misleading and deceptive advertising
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Australia’s Therapeutic Goods Administration uses reporting portals for practitioners and patients similar to those previously
described.
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| 15 |
Which platform is mentioned for registering research that might not be credible?
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ClinicalTrials.gov |
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ClinicalTrials.gov is mentioned to be not trustworthy in documenting research.
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The US federal database indicates that research registered on ClinicalTrials.gov may not be considered credible and unreliable.
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| 16 |
What term is used to describe items that make unproven CGTs appear valid?
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Tokens of Legitimacy |
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Tokens of legitimacy describe items that make unproven CGTs appear valid.
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The FDA and WHO highlight how unproven claims use scientific-sounding language to portray themselves as reasonable and accurate
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| 17 |
What does the ISCT oppose according to the article?
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Premature commercialization of unproven CGTs |
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The ISCT disagrees with the premature commercialization of unproven CGTs.
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The International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Committee on the Ethics of Cell and Gene Therapy has opposed the premature commercialization of unproven cell- and gene-based interventions.
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| 18 |
Which regulatory body is NOT mentioned in the article as a key player in CGT oversight?
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CDC |
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The regulatory body not mentioned in the article as a key player in CGT oversight is the CDC
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Throughout the article, the FDA, EMA, HC, and the WHO are frequently referenced as sources, all except the CDC
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| 19 |
What specific role do 'tokens of legitimacy' play according to the article?
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Persuade patients of the safety and efficacy of unproven CGTs |
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Tokens of legitimacy persuade patients of the safety and efficacy of unproven CGTs
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Tokens of legitimacy make unproven products appear science-based, promote effective marketing of unproven cell and gene therapies, and support the careful and rigorous evidence-based clinical translation of proven gene and cell therapies (Ikonomou L, Levine AD, Hematti P, Levine BL. Cell banking for cell and gene therapy-regulatory, ethical, and scientific considerations. Bioprocess Int 2020;18(1-2) i):20)
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| 20 |
According to the article, what is a critical measure for distinguishing evidence-based CGTs?
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Pre-marketing authorization by national regulatory bodies |
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According to the article, a critical measure for distinguishing evidence-based CGTs is the pre-marketing authorization by national regulatory bodies
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A key factor in identifying CGTs is obtaining pre-marketing authorization from national regulatory authorities.; the process ensures that the therapies have undergone rigorous evaluation for safety and efficacy before they are made available to the public.
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