| 1 |
What percentage of the PCPs examined contained UV filters?
|
48% |
|
Analysis of the database revealed that chemicals which function as fragrances, preservatives and UV-filters were present in 65%, 60% and 58% of the examined PCPs, respectively.
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785323045984
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 2 |
Which of the following is NOT a category of PCPs mentioned in the study?
|
Hair care products |
|
A total of 185 PCPs were examined, with 57% of these products classified as skincare, 32% as rinse-off products and 11% as make-up products.
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785323045984
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 3 |
Which ingredient is commonly used as a preservative in PCPs?
|
Phenoxyethanol |
|
3.3. Preservatives in personal care products
Preservatives are used in PCPs to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and fungi, thereby increasing the shelf life of a product.
Table 3 summarises the occurrence of 13 commonly used preservatives in Personal Care Products.
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785323045984#t0015
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 4 |
What was the primary aim of the study discussed in the article?
|
To investigate the presence of toxic chemical ingredients in PCPs |
|
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of potentially toxic chemical ingredients of PCPs in South Africa by examining the product labels.
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785323045984#t0015
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 5 |
Which of the following fragrances is considered a weak allergen but found frequently in PCPs?
|
Limonene |
|
Furthermore, the most frequently identified fragrances were limonene (73.33%), linalool (69.17.5%), coumarin (40%), and hexyl cinnamal (38.33%), which are weak allergens.
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785323045984
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 6 |
What does the term 'emerging pollutants' refer to in the context of the study?
|
Pollutants that have recently been discovered and may not degrade easily |
|
However, emerging evidence suggests that some accumulate in body tissues and negatively impact humans and animals, impacting the endocrine systems and the environment since they are continuously being released and may not degenerate easily the environment. The contaminants are thus called emerging pollutants.
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785323045984#t0015
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 7 |
What percentage of skin care products examined contained fragrances?
|
69.5% |
|
3.1. Database analysis of personal care products in South Africa
The developed database of PCP ingredients (as found in South Africa) was made up of a total of 185 personal care products. In summary, the PCPs analysed in this study were divided into three categories i.e. skin care products, rinse-off products and make-up products, as illustrated in Table 1
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785323045984#t0015
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 8 |
According to the study, which substance is toxic to aquatic life and can affect fertility?
|
Alpha-isomethyl ionone |
|
Fragrances such as alpha-isomethyl ionone and butylphenyl methylpropional are restricted by the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) but were found to be present in over 25 PCPs in this investigation. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that frequently used fragrances have the potential to contaminate aquatic systems due to their potential high discharge into the environment through wastewater. These chemicals are reportedly skin sensitizers; hence they are restricted. In addition, alpha-isomethyl ionone is toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects while butylphenyl methylpropional has the potential to affect fertility and can cause harm to a fetus during pregnancy.
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785323045984#t0015
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 9 |
Based on the study, which regulatory action is recommended due to the detection of harmful ingredients in PCPs despite their ban?
|
Complete removal of all PCPs from the market |
|
In South Africa, environmentally toxic chemicals such as triclosan and triclocarban are still detected in influent and effluent samples of several wastewater treatment plants, despite their ban by the Food and Drugs Association (FDA). A recent study conducted by Mhuka and co-workers revealed that one of the largest wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Pretoria (Daspoort Wastewater Treatment Works) showed an increase in concentration of triclosan from the influent to effluent samples. These findings indicate the incapability of the WWTPs to eliminate these organic pollutants and such poor removal ratios contribute to the persistence and accumulation of these chemical contaminants into the environment.
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785323045984#b0010
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 10 |
What are the potential health risks associated with chemicals in PCPs as mentioned in the study?
|
Both 1 and 2 |
|
The great consumption of these products has led to their continuous release into the environment, which consequently threatens ecosystems and human health. The reported health risks associated with chemical ingredients in PCPs (such as ultraviolet (UV) filters, parabens, and phthalates) include potential endocrine disruption and exhibition of estrogenic activity.
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785323045984#b0010
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
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0
-35%
+30%
+35%
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| 11 |
What is the primary purpose of Process Analytical Technology (PAT)?
|
To monitor process parameters and product quality attributes. |
|
Process Analytical Technology (PAT) is a systematic approach for monitoring of process parameters and product quality attributes and nowadays is considered for continuous processing of many industrial products. It is a mechanism to design, analyse and control manufacturing processes through on-line, in-line, at-line and off-line configurations for monitoring Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs).
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921883123001188
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
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| 12 |
Which technology is often combined with reliable in-line sensors to enhance PAT systems?
|
Multivariate Statistical Methods (MSMs). |
|
PAT systems include a combination of reliable in-line sensors, spectroscopic instruments and Multivariate Statistical Methods (MSMs) to provide informative knowledge for quality assessment of powdered and granule products.
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921883123001188
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
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0
-35%
+30%
+35%
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| 13 |
What does data fusion primarily help improve in PAT systems?
|
Increase performance and robustness of models. |
|
Data fusion is a data-driven approach that could increase performance and robustness of models used for data interpretation to generate more accurate knowledge about process conditions and performance by merging related outputs collected from several instruments and considering synergies from multiple sources.
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921883123001188
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
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0
-35%
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| 14 |
Which is NOT a listed advantage of continuous processing of powdered and granule products?
|
Decreased safety standards. |
|
Continuous processing of powdered and granule products comprising the integration of multiple unit operations in one production system is getting more attention due to advantages in improved productivity, product quality and financial services. While quality control and process performance in batch-scale production can be monitored through off-line measurements, in-process measurements become essential in a continuous manufacturing line.
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921883123001188
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
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| 15 |
Which of the following is considered a Critical Quality Attribute (CQA) for powdered and granule products?
|
Particle size. |
|
There are a number of key CQAs that must be checked through real-time monitoring in powdered and granule products, which bring in return significant impact on the quality of products as well as economics of the production. In many industrial sectors involved in manufacturing and handling of powdered and granule products, key CQAs include homogeneity in powder mixtures , particle size , powder flowability , moisture content , bulk density , particle strength and hardness , morphological forms , together with other quality attributes.
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921883123001188
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
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0
-35%
+30%
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| 16 |
What does the integration of multiple unit operations in one production system characterize?
|
Batch processing. |
|
Continuous processing of powdered and granule products comprising the integration of multiple unit operations in one production system is getting more attention due to advantages in improved productivity, product quality and financial services. While quality control and process performance in batch-scale production can be monitored through off-line measurements, in-process measurements become essential in a continuous manufacturing line.
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921883123001188
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
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0
-35%
+30%
+35%
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| 17 |
What challenge does the article highlight about handling granular materials?
|
Hindered by complex material attributes. |
|
Handling of granular materials used for manufacturing of end particulate products is known to be challenging due to their complex material attributes which hinder an establishment of general constitutive equations relating shear rates and stresses.
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921883123001188
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
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0
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| 18 |
Which approach is specifically mentioned as useful for handling large analytical datasets in continuous processes?
|
Data fusion. |
|
By taking into account the growth in the size of data (multivariate datasets), velocity (fast/real time acquisition rate) and variety (multisource), advanced data analytics are recommended for the assessment of the big data. In that sense, data fusion could be utilized in the field of PAT for an efficient handling of large analytical datasets in continuous processes.
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921883123001188
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
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0
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| 19 |
What does the future perspective section suggest about the integration of PAT and multi-sensor data fusion
|
It offers limited scope for improvement in process monitoring. |
|
The research area of closed-loop controlling systems by means of multi-sensors data fusion is in its infancy, and is an open area of research for academics and technology providers. Implementation of multi-sensors data fusion could potentially avoid delays in the process monitoring and control. With respect to this, following opportunities may be brought in the field of PAT for the assessment of physicochemical attributes of powders and granule materials.
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921883123001188
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
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| 20 |
Which technique is mentioned as crucial for designing, analyzing, and controlling manufacturing through monitoring?
|
Multivariate Statistical Methods (MSMs). |
|
Process Analytical Technology (PAT) is a systematic approach for monitoring of process parameters and product quality attributes and nowadays is considered for continuous processing of many industrial products. It is a mechanism to design, analyse and control manufacturing processes through on-line, in-line, at-line and off-line configurations for monitoring Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs). PAT systems include a combination of reliable in-line sensors, spectroscopic instruments and Multivariate Statistical Methods (MSMs) to provide informative knowledge for quality assessment of powdered and granule products.
|
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921883123001188
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|