| 1 |
What type of learning is discussed in relation to newborn infants in the context of sound sequences?
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Statistical learning |
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Newborns or infants have the tendency to kick in the womb, to signal discomfort, livelihood or to respond to the voices of their parents. They are able to distinguish between voices of their closest relatives, such as their father, mother and/or siblings. They respond to sounds like laughing, crying and more. Similarly, as they develop, they begin to associate sounds with different things.
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Researchers have found that when children are born, they almost always recognize the sound of their parent's voices. Most mothers talk to the newborns in the womb, as a way of comfort so to say.
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| 2 |
What experimental method was used to study the infants?
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EEG experiments |
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Experiments are never meant to be 100% successful, so sound produced with unaccented and accented properties with EEG can influence the possibilities in infants.
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| 3 |
What was used to induce a beat in sound sequences during the study?
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Isochronous timing |
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To induce a beat, a sequence must have a sync, which is unaccented or accented depending on the object that produces the sound used in testing.
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It involves the production and manipulation of unaccented and accented sounds, jitters and etc.
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| 4 |
What is a key outcome of beat perception studies in newborns?
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Presence of beat processing |
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| 5 |
What does the mismatch response (MMR) indicate in newborn infants?
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Memory recall |
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| 6 |
What aspect of the sound was manipulated to test beat perception separately from statistical learning?
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Timing (isochronous vs. jittered) |
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Response differences (MMR) between rare deviant and corresponding standard sounds were calculated at beat and offbeat positions, separately for the isochronous and the jittered sequences.
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| 7 |
According to the study, why is the detection of a beat significant in newborns?
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It demonstrates visual-auditory integration |
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| 8 |
How does the article describe the relationship between statistical learning and beat processing in newborns?
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Completely independent |
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The study indicates that statistical learning does not fully explain the presence of beat processing.
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Statistical learning is said to not fully influence OR is not the only component influencing beat processing.
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| 9 |
Which physiological measure was primarily used to assess responses to sound sequences in the study?
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Electroencephalography (EEG) |
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| 10 |
What does the presence of a clear Mismatch Response (MMR) to beat and offbeat positions in an isochronous condition suggest about newborns' auditory capabilities?
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Advanced capabilities in detecting rhythm |
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Newborns brains can process the beat in rhythm and detect other sounds.
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| 11 |
What is the main focus of the cell and gene therapies article?
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Evidence-based cell and gene therapies |
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| 12 |
What does CGT stand for in the context of the article?
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Cell and Gene Therapies |
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| 13 |
What does the article caution against?
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Direct-to-consumer marketing of unproven CGTs |
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Unproven CGTS are variations, most will not have the same effect.
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| 14 |
According to the article, what is a risk associated with unproven CGTs?
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All of the above |
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| 15 |
Which platform is mentioned for registering research that might not be credible?
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PubMed |
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| 16 |
What term is used to describe items that make unproven CGTs appear valid?
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Tokens of Legitimacy |
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| 17 |
What does the ISCT oppose according to the article?
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Premature commercialization of unproven CGTs |
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| 18 |
Which regulatory body is NOT mentioned in the article as a key player in CGT oversight?
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CDC |
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CDC is the Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
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CDC is the Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
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| 19 |
What specific role do 'tokens of legitimacy' play according to the article?
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None of the above |
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The Tokens of Legitimacy are to insure the production of the product follows the guidelines of the WHO, and regulatory standards in individual countries. International law validates these tokens to confirm they are legitimate and will not caused harm to the consumers.
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| 20 |
According to the article, what is a critical measure for distinguishing evidence-based CGTs?
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Pre-marketing authorization by national regulatory bodies |
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