โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following best describes the concept of "beat perception" as it relates to the auditory capabilities of newborn infants?

The extraction of rhythm from sequence of sounds match the concept of "beat perception" the most as "beat" refers to the rhythm of music or sequence of sounds, and perception is the ability to perceive or extract knowledge, things, or rhymthm from sequence of sound in this case.

Beat perception is a cognitive mechanism possessed since birth, a theory found in “Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities” by Henkjan Honing et al, Cognition journal. As the study used EEG brain wave to determine beat perception(and differentiate them form statistical learning) which discovers that newborns can extract or perceive a regular pulse in music "only" when timing beats was consistent, which correlates with the part of the answer: "consistent rhythm from a sequence of sound"

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According to the research, what experimental method is used to differentiate beat perception from statistical learning in newborns?

Other choices are behavioural responses that are not able to be observed or determined in accurate data. Therefore, monitoring brain activity using EEG provides the most accurate form of results, as you can monitor and observe the time interval which correlates to the response of the newborns on music and beat perception.

Brain wave measurement using EEG allows scientist to assess the beat perception of newborns by implementing an auditory oddball paradigm proposed by Bouwer et al. (2016).

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What does the mismatch response (MMR) in EEG studies indicate about newborns' auditory processing?

Mismatch response demonstrates the difference between beat perception and statistical learning.

Based on Disentangling beat perception from sequential learning and examining the influence of attention and musical abilities on ERP responses to rhythm, by Bouwer et al. (2016), MMR difference between beat and offbeat position larger in the isochronous than in the jittered condition occured because of beat perception, as it would additionally contribute to the beat-offbeat difference. Therfore, it proved the results is because of beat perception not statistical learning of the newborns.

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What does the term "statistical learning" refer to in the context of auditory processing in newborns?

The other three choices are not related in this matter at all. And for the fourth choice, even though it seems promising, however; the second choice which is selected as answer seems more correct and relevant as the order of words of the explanation is similar to that of "beat perception".

"the extraction of these regularities from the order of the elements of the input without explicit feedback or even awareness after prolonged exposure" by Conway, C. M. (2020). How does the brain learn environmental structure? Ten core principles for understanding the neurocognitive mechanisms of statistical learning. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 112, 279-299.

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Which condition in the EEG study did NOT result in a differentiation between beat and offbeat responses in newborns?

Comparisons of the graph of EEG brain wave observation shows that MMN amplitudes were significantly more negative for Beat responses, compared to Offbeat responses in the Isochronous Timing condition whereas they did not differ from each other in the Jittered Timing condition, as found in the article.

Comparisons of the graph of EEG brain wave observation shows that MMN amplitudes were significantly more negative for Beat responses, compared to Offbeat responses in the Isochronous Timing condition whereas they did not differ from each other in the Jittered Timing condition (Háden, G. P., Bouwer, F. L., Honing, H., & Winkler, I. (2024). Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities. Cognition, 243, 105670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105670)

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Which neural mechanism is thought to underlie the synchronization of movement to a beat?

Neural entrainment or rhythmic entrainment is the ability to synchronize and coordinate movement with a regular beat

Large, E. W., Herrera, J. A., & Velasco, M. J. (2015). Neural networks for beat perception in musical rhythm. Frontiers in systems neuroscience, 9, 159.

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How does beat perception in newborns relate to their later musical abilities?

Because beat perception depicts the newborn abilities to detect rhythm and its timing, which is the fundamental for developing rhytmic coordination and timing.

(Háden, G. P., Bouwer, F. L., Honing, H., & Winkler, I. (2024). Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities. Cognition, 243, 105670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105670)

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What does an isochronous condition in an auditory study typically involve?

In the isochronous condition, sounds are presented with a constant inter-onset interval (IOI), allowing a beat to be induced

(Háden, G. P., Bouwer, F. L., Honing, H., & Winkler, I. (2024). Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities. Cognition, 243, 105670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105670)

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What is the primary purpose of using EEG in studies of auditory processing in newborns?

EEG records the electrical activity of the brain response to rhythmic stimulus patterns.

(Háden, G. P., Bouwer, F. L., Honing, H., & Winkler, I. (2024). Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities. Cognition, 243, 105670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105670)

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Which auditory feature is NOT directly studied in the newborn auditory processing research?

Melody recognition is not mentioned at all in the article.

(Háden, G. P., Bouwer, F. L., Honing, H., & Winkler, I. (2024). Beat processing in newborn infants cannot be explained by statistical learning based on transition probabilities. Cognition, 243, 105670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105670)

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What term is used to describe the appearance of scientific credibility used in the marketing of unproven cell-based therapies?

A common element of direct-to-consumer marketing of unproved stem cell therapies is the employment of "Tokens of legitimacy", as it allows businesses make claims about research publications, patent applications, collaborations with academic or industry, etc, intended to create an impression of scientific credibility.

This was stated in [Sipp D, Caulfield T, Kaye J, Barfoot J, Blackburn C, Chan S, et al. Marketing of unproven stem cell-based interventions: A call to action. SciTransl Med. 2017;9(397). ]

โจทย์ ปรนัย
According to the article, which of the following is NOT a recognized reporting mechanism for adverse effects from cell and gene therapies?

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What ethical consideration is primarily challenged by direct-to-consumer marketing of unproven cell and gene therapies?

Informed consent processes require the patients to be informed of all possible options/alternatives procedures and their details, consequences, risks, and benefits. However, unprove cell and gene therapies lacks one of those criterias such as the rates of sucess, the possible outcomes/results/side effects.

Informed permission is not often acquired for unproven CGTs, and even when it is, investigation by an ethical commitee or institutional review board is not always assured. Unproven CGT receivers may not be given written consent forms, and as already stated, deception is common. (Ikonomou, L., Cuende, N., Forte, M., Grilley, B. J., Levine, A. D., Munsie, M., Rasko, J. E., Turner, L., Bidkhori, H. R., Ciccocioppo, R., Grignon, F., Srivastava, A., Weiss, D. J., Zettler, P., & Levine, B. L. (2023). International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products. Cytotherapy, 25(9), 920–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.03.002)

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What key feature differentiates proven CGT products from unproven ones according to regulatory standards?

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Which of the following is a risk associated with unproven CGT products highlighted in the article?

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Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of unproven CGT products as discussed in the article?

โจทย์ ปรนัย
How do regulatory bodies like the FDA and EMA ensure the safety of CGT products?

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What is the primary goal of the ISCT's position on cell and gene therapies as mentioned in the article?

All the other choices support the unprove cell and gene therapies, while only the third choice opposes it. Moreover, it is stated in the article as well.

In the article, it stated that ISCT opposes the early marketing of unproven cell- and gene-based therapies while also promoting the development of evidence-based, safe, and effective advanced medicinal products. (Ikonomou, L., Cuende, N., Forte, M., Grilley, B. J., Levine, A. D., Munsie, M., Rasko, J. E., Turner, L., Bidkhori, H. R., Ciccocioppo, R., Grignon, F., Srivastava, A., Weiss, D. J., Zettler, P., & Levine, B. L. (2023). International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Position Paper: Key considerations to support evidence-based cell and gene therapies and oppose marketing of unproven products. Cytotherapy, 25(9), 920–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.03.002)

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What is a potential consequence for patients using unproven CGT products?

Other choices are positive things, meanwhile the third choice is the negative "potential consequence" of using unproven CGT products, which is the most rational answer.

The article also stated that when patients used unproven CGT products, they can experience negative consequences like side effects, infections, and other harms. [Richardson, L. (2021). Harms Linked to Unapproved Stem Cell Interventions Highlight Need for Greater FDA Enforcement. ], [Lysaght, T., Lipworth, W., Hendl, T., Kerridge, I., Lee, T. L., Munsie, M., ... & Stewart, C. (2017). The deadly business of an unregulated global stem cell industry. Journal of medical ethics, 43(11), 744-746.]

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What role does the ISCT play in the context of cell and gene therapies?