โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary goal of contact tracing in public health?

The primary goal of contact tracing in public health is To stop the spread of diseases by identifying and informing contacts mitigate the spread of infectious diseases and were a critical part of the public health response to COVID-19 Case investigation involves interviewing someone who has confirmed or suspected COVID-19 to learn whom they may have exposed to the virus, eliciting their contacts, counseling them to monitor their symptoms, and recommending isolation

อ้างอิงหลักการคิดจาก https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667321523000288

โจทย์ ปรนัย
During the COVID-19 pandemic, what was one main reason people were motivated to isolate themselves after testing positive?

During the COVID-19 pandemic, what was one main reason people were motivated to isolate themselves after testing positive is to avoid infecting others, particularly vulnerable populations to prevent COVID19 transmission But in United States (U.S.) population who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (case) or were exposed to someone with COVID19 (contact) to learn about their subsequent behaviors to prevent COVID19 transmission

อ้างอิงจาก 2. Methods จาก https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667321523000288 ข้อความที่กล่าวว่า This study is part of a larger project that surveyed a nationally representative sample of the United States (U.S.) population who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (case) or were exposed to someone with COVID19 (contact) to learn about their subsequent behaviors to prevent COVID19 transmission

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What method was commonly used for focus group discussions in the study on COVID-19 contact tracing?

The method was commonly used for focus group discussions in the study on COVID-19 contact tracing is Virtual, synchronous meetings are two-way communications in which participants can converse with each other in real-time. Examples of synchronous digital communications: Virtual meetings over Zoom, WebEx, and other telecommunications platforms. Live online classes via video conferencing technology.

Virtual FGDs and interviews were recorded using secure video teleconferencing and conducted in English and Spanish. A lead moderator facilitated each FGD, and a support moderator took notes. One interviewer facilitated each interview. All moderators and interviewers participated in a 2-h training to employ an effective, equitable, and trauma-informed approach that valued all participants’ viewpoints (Mathematica, 2022). The training focused on being empathetic to experiences and feelings and avoiding re-traumatization associated with COVID-19. All participants received documentation that described the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, and what to expect during each FGD or interview. This documentation was reviewed at the start of each group, and consent was obtained from each participant. Each participant received the equivalent of $75 for participating. Thirty-three 60-min virtual, synchronous FGDs were conducted with 178 participants from March 17, 2022, to April 29, 2022. In-depth interviews were conducted with 6 participants during May 5–9, 2022. All FGDs and interviews were recorded, transcribed, and translated (if conducted in Spanish) for coding and analysis. อ้างอิงจาก https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667321523000288

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What factor did NOT influence the success of case investigation and contact tracing according to the article?

factor did NOT influence the success of case investigation and contact tracing according to the article is Political ideology of the participants Political factors or personal beliefs of individuals are usually not directly related to the operational success of contact tracing and case investigations.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667321523000288

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which demographic factor was reported to affect the experiences and behaviors of individuals regarding CI/CT?

Case investigation and contact tracing (CI/CT) is a critical part of the public health response to COVID-19. Individuals’ experiences with CI/CT for COVID-19 varied based on geographic location, changes in knowledge and guidelines, access to testing and vaccination, as well as demographic characteristics including age, race, ethnicity, income, and political ideology. The study highlights that younger individuals often exhibit different behaviors and attitudes compared to older individuals regarding case investigation and contact tracing. Younger people may be less likely to adhere to public health measures or may have different levels of engagement in the contact tracing process compared to older adults.

ABSTRACT from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667321523000288

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What did participants report feeling after learning they were exposed to COVID-19?

Many individuals felt anxious about the potential health implications of their exposure and the uncertainty of whether they might develop symptoms or test positive and Some individuals reported feeling stigmatized or judged upon learning about their exposure, which could impact their willingness to engage in contact tracing or disclose information.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667321523000288

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What was a common source of information for participants when they learned about their COVID-19 status?

Healthcare Providers: Many individuals received information directly from their healthcare providers or clinics, who informed them of their test results and provided guidance on the next steps. In addition to healthcare providers, other sources of information included: Public Health Officials: Official notifications and guidelines from public health authorities were also a key source of information. Digital Platforms: Notifications via mobile apps or online portals used for managing test results and tracking exposure were frequently mentioned. These sources were critical in shaping how participants understood their COVID-19 status and the actions they needed to take.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9383678/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667321523000288

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which of the following was NOT a method for collecting data in the study described?

"Direct observations in homes" was not a method used for collecting data. The study utilized methods such as: One-on-one interviews Virtual focus groups Survey questionnaires Direct observations in homes were not mentioned as a data collection method in the study. Therefore, the correct answer is "Direct observations in homes".

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667321523000288

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What ethical considerations were emphasized during the focus group discussions?

Ensuring privacy and voluntary participation: This involves protecting participants' confidentiality and ensuring that their involvement in the study is entirely voluntary. These considerations are critical to maintaining ethical standards in research involving human subjects. The other options listed (ensuring all participants were of the same age, maximizing profit from the research, using results for political campaigns, and promoting a specific pharmaceutical company) are not mentioned as ethical considerations in the context of the study.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667321523000288 https://typeset.io/questions/what-are-the-considerations-in-conducting-a-focus-group-4hddv4d4qa

โจทย์ ปรนัย
How did the availability of self-tests in 2021 impact the public health response to COVID-19?

Increasing the speed at which people could learn their infection status: Self-tests allowed individuals to quickly determine if they were infected with COVID-19, facilitating faster isolation and decision-making, which helped in managing the spread of the virus more efficiently. The other options listed do not accurately reflect the general impact of self-tests on the public health response

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667321523000288 https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/352350/WHO-2019-nCoV-Ag-RDTs-Self-testing-2022.1-eng.pdf

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is urban ecology primarily concerned with?

Urban ecology focuses on understanding how urban areas interact with and impact natural ecosystems, as well as how these ecosystems can influence urban environments. It explores the relationships between human activities in cities and their effects on the natural environment, including the ways in which urbanization affects biodiversity, ecological processes, and overall ecosystem health.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204623000269

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which continent is noted as rapidly urbanizing within the study?

In studies on global urbanization trends, Africa is often noted as the continent that is rapidly urbanizing. The study you are referring to likely highlights that Africa has been experiencing significant urban growth, with many of its cities expanding rapidly due to increasing population and migration from rural areas.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320543227_Urbanization_in_Africa_Challenges_and_opportunities_for_conservation https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204623000269

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What significant bias is present in the study of urban ecology in Africa?

In the study of urban ecology in Africa, a significant bias often identified is: Limited to capital cities Research in urban ecology related to Africa frequently shows a bias towards focusing primarily on capital cities or major urban centers. This can lead to an incomplete understanding of urban dynamics across different types of cities and regions within the continent. As a result, findings might not fully capture the diverse urban experiences and ecological interactions occurring in smaller or less-studied cities and towns.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204623000269

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What factor did the study NOT find influencing research efforts in African urban ecology?

The study likely identified other factors such as: GDP of countries: Economic factors can influence the resources available for research and conservation efforts. Urbanization intensity: The level of urbanization affects ecological dynamics and research focus. Technological advancements: Access to technology can impact the scope and quality of research. Geographic distribution of studies: The distribution of research across different locations can influence the overall understanding of urban ecology. Ecoregion conservation status, while important for ecological studies, was not found to be a primary influence on research efforts in this particular context.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204623000269

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which method was used to gather data for the study?

Literature review and bibliographic searches The study primarily involved reviewing existing literature and conducting bibliographic searches to gather information on urban ecology, rather than relying on direct observations, experimental methods, or surveys and interviews. This approach helps to synthesize existing research findings and identify gaps in knowledge within the field.

https://typeset.io/questions/what-is-data-collection-method-in-research-2cjjr1ldrv https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204623000269

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does the study suggest is needed for urban ecology research in Africa?

A realignment of research priorities This recommendation indicates that the current research focus may need adjustment to better address the unique challenges and dynamics of urban environments in Africa. It emphasizes the need to align research efforts with the most pressing issues and gaps in knowledge within the continent’s rapidly urbanizing contexts.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204623000269

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which country was mentioned as having the majority of the studies?

South Africa is noted for having a higher volume of research in urban ecology compared to other African countries, reflecting its more developed research infrastructure and focus in this field.

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Figure-2-Countries-where-the-studies-were-conducted-When-Figure-5-is-examined-it-is_fig3_329421199 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204623000269

โจทย์ ปรนัย
How did the study categorize the geographic biases in research?

This means that research efforts are not evenly spread across different regions but are concentrated in certain areas, often reflecting disparities in research focus or resources available in different parts of Africa.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204623000269 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356515347_The_impact_of_geographical_bias_when_judging_scientific_studies

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is a key recommendation from the study for improving urban ecology research in Africa?

This recommendation emphasizes the importance of fostering collaborative research efforts across countries to address the diverse and complex urban ecological challenges in Africa more effectively. Transnational collaborations can enhance the scope and impact of research by pooling resources, knowledge, and expertise from different regions.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204623000269

โจทย์ ปรนัย
According to the study, what impacts the number of publications in African urban ecology?

The GDP of a country can influence the amount of funding available for research, the resources allocated to academic institutions, and the overall infrastructure supporting scientific studies, which in turn affects the volume of research publications.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204623000269