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What is the primary focus of the paper?

Case investigation and contact tracing (CI/CT) is a critical part of the public health response to COVID-19. Individuals’ experiences with CI/CT for COVID-19 varied based on geographic location, changes in knowledge and guidelines, access to testing and vaccination, as well as demographic characteristics including age, race, ethnicity, income, and political ideology.

Experience with COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing a qualitative analysis

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What is the purpose of case investigation in the context of COVID-19?

Case investigation involves interviewing someone who has confirmed or suspected COVID-19 to learn whom they may have exposed to the virus, eliciting their contacts, counseling them to monitor their symptoms, and recommending isolation (i.e., staying home and away from others).

Experience with COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing a qualitative analysis

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What is contact tracing, as defined in the paper?

Contact tracing is the subsequent process of notifying close contacts of their potential exposure, referring them to testing, counseling them to monitor their symptoms, and encouraging them to quarantine (i.e., staying home and away from others after potential exposure) (CDC, 2022a).

Experience with COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing a qualitative analysis

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Why did health departments face challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic?

which can be influenced by factors including potential stigma and lack of trust in government (Lash et al., 2021).

Experience with COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing a qualitative analysis

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Essay | Examine the variations in individuals' experiences with CI/CT for COVID-19 based on demographic characteristics. How do factors such as age, race, ethnicity, income, and political ideology influence these experiences?

Research has also revealed that individual knowledge of and responses to CI/CT varied based on demographic characteristics, such as age, race, ethnicity, income, and political ideology (McClain & Rainie, 2020). Moreover, CI/CT may have also been impacted based on access to COVID-19 testing. For example, although increased availability and use of self-tests beginning in 2021 let more people learn of their COVID-19 infection outside of a clinical or laboratory setting, these results were not routinely reported to health departments, removing a key step in the CI/CT process (Rader et al., 2022).

Experience with COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing a qualitative analysis

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What is the primary concern raised by the authors regarding the state of knowledge in African urban ecology?

cross-cutting theme across the social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. As such, different aspects of urban ecology are dealt with by different experts. Urbanization in developing countries is driven by economic benefits while developed countries, having large ecological footprints, can focus on efficiency reducing the impact of urban growth on the ecosystem.

Status of urban ecology in Africa: A systematic review

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What significant predictors did the study investigate regarding the number of publications on African urban ecology?

We first used the number of published urban ecological studies (hereafter: research effort) per country as the response variable to test the effect of urbanization intensity, urbanization prospect, human population density and GDP using general linear models (LM). We used the “performance” package to check for multi-collinearity among the independent variables (Bernat-Ponce et al., 2021, Lüdeck et al., 2021) and tested the normality (Shapiro & Wilk, 1965) of the dependent variable (p < 0.05). The independent variables had low correlation (Variance Inflation Factor < 5) and, consequently, were all included in the models, but research effort was log-transformed to obtain reasonably normally distributed residuals from final models, and models that did not violate LM assumptions when examined visually as diagnostic plots (Crawley, 2013).

Status of urban ecology in Africa: A systematic review

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In terms of research scale, where were the majority of the studies conducted according to the study?

Urbanization is an extreme human activity and is expanding worldwide, consequently increasing the attention of scientists across research areas of urban ecology. Recent studies have warned of the lack of information from certain regions, particularly Africa, which is rapidly urbanizing. Thus, we did a detailed literature search to determine the state of knowledge in African urban ecology in the last century. We found 795 relevant papers from where data were collected and tested to understand geographic and ecological mismatches in research effort, allowing us to identify important knowledge gaps (e.g., taxonomy and scientific fields).

Status of urban ecology in Africa: A systematic review

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What methodological approach did the authors use to conduct the literature search in this study?

Our literature search shows almost 800 urban ecology papers for the entire African continent. According to a recent review investigating the top 20 countries publishing on urban ecology (Shackleton et al., 2021), this number is lower than the number of publications from medium-sized European

Status of urban ecology in Africa: A systematic review

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Essay | Examine the key factors contributing to the lack of knowledge and research gaps in African urban ecology, as highlighted in the literature review. Discuss the potential implications of this knowledge gap and propose strategies to address and advance research in this field.

Our review also offers interesting information on the current methodological and conceptual orientation of urban ecological research in Africa. From a methodological point of view, we found an important taxonomic bias in the study of urban ecology in Africa similar to those previously reported (e.g., Callaghan et al., 2020, Shwartz et al., 2014). This taxonomic bias has a strong effect in our urban ecology knowledge given that the impact of urbanization varies considerably depending on the type of organisms considered (McKinney, 2008, Paul and Meyer, 2001). Our literature search offered studies focused on organisms belonging to seven kingdoms, although the majority of urban ecology research used either animals or plants as model systems.

Status of urban ecology in Africa: A systematic review

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According to the literature search, what are the four key formulations through which acceptability has been defined or conceptualized?

AI refers to computer systems that are capable of performing tasks that ordinarily require human intelligence [2]. Machine learning is a subset of AI which involves algorithms autonomously extracting patterns and trends embedded in data to produce a mathematical model that can provide predictive outputs based on new, unseen inputs [2]. Medical AI systems of this nature have wide-ranging use cases to support clinical decision-making and optimise workflows to improve productivity and clinical outcomes [1,3,4]. Some examples of this include interpreting medical images to generate diagnostic recommendations and personalised treatment plans which act as a second medical opinion and form the basis of pre-populated preliminary medical reports, triaging patient cases based on severity, predicting patient admissions to inform resource and staffing allocation, and scheduling patient consultations.

Understanding the factors influencing acceptability of AI in medical imaging domains among healthcare professionals: A scoping review

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Which academic databases were included in the search strategy for the scoping review on the acceptability of AI in medical imaging domains?

The search strategy yielded 924 articles after eliminating 189 duplicate results across the five databases. During the initial screening stage, a further five articles were included after searching the reference lists of relevant articles and an additional four grey literature publications were added after using Google Scholar to identify material citing pertinent articles. 64 out of 924 potentially relevant articles qualified for full-text assessment with 33 of these being removed under the exclusion criteria. A second researcher screened 15% of the articles by title and abstract, establishing an inter-rater reliability of 93% (125/135 agreement). Disagreements in the screening process were resolved based on discussion between the two researchers and the input of a third researcher where consensus could not be reached. Overall, the scoping review had 31 articles which were all analysed by one researcher because of resource and time constraints.

Understanding the factors influencing acceptability of AI in medical imaging domains among healthcare professionals: A scoping review

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What were the criteria for inclusion and exclusion of publications in the scoping review?

In terms of the temporality of the research design, 25 studies evaluated acceptability prospectively where participants had no opportunity to interact with a concrete AI system for the purposes of the study [[19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25],[28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34],[37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43],[45], [46], [47], [48]]. Five studies assessed acceptability retrospectively where participants had practical experience with the concrete AI system being studied [26,35,36,44,49]. Notably, only one study considered acceptability from both a prospective and retrospective perspective although this was based on whether healthcare professionals had experience with using the AI system under consideration rather than being a longitudinal study [50].

Understanding the factors influencing acceptability of AI in medical imaging domains among healthcare professionals: A scoping review

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How many studies were included in the scoping review, and which aspect of AI acceptability did the majority of these studies focus on?

In terms of the temporality of the research design, 25 studies evaluated acceptability prospectively where participants had no opportunity to interact with a concrete AI system for the purposes of the study [[19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25],[28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34],[37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43],[45], [46], [47], [48]]. Five studies assessed acceptability retrospectively where participants had practical experience with the concrete AI system being studied [26,35,36,44,49]. Notably, only one study considered acceptability from both a prospective and retrospective perspective although this was based on whether healthcare professionals had experience with using the AI system under consideration rather than being a longitudinal study [50].

Understanding the factors influencing acceptability of AI in medical imaging domains among healthcare professionals: A scoping review

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Essay | Explain the concept of acceptability in the context of AI in medical imaging. Outline the key dimensions through which acceptability has been conceptualized in past studies and why a scoping review considered multiple formulations. Additionally, discuss the importance of considering end-user perspectives in the evaluation of AI acceptability.

Medical imaging data is becoming more and more complex. Not only are there advances in the types of medical imaging that can be acquired (modalities), for example, via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scanners, but also the amount of imaging data acquired per patient is steadily growing. In this chapter, we focus on visualization of multimodal medical imaging data, which is data that is acquired from multiple imaging sources. These different sources often provide complementary information. For example, CT scanners can provide a high-resolution view of anatomy of the human body (structural information), whereas positron emission tomography (PET) scanners are recording the uptake of radioactive tracer (functional information). Combining such modalities allows for inspection of healthy and pathological function and localization of this functional information based on structural imaging (see Fig. 4.1). Even from a single scanner, multiple types of imaging acquisition are possible, leading to what is often referred to as multiparametric data. An example of this is brain imaging via a single MRI scanner, where it is possible to acquire different image contrasts highlighting vascular structures, brain function (functional MRI), or brain connectivity (diffusion weighted imaging) using different image acquisition parameters. In addition, hybrid scanners, such as PET/CT or PET/MR scanners, are able to produce images of different modalities in a single hardware solution.

Understanding the factors influencing acceptability of AI in medical imaging domains among healthcare professionals: A scoping review

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What is workplace violence (WPV) in healthcare?

According to World Health Organization (WHO), workplace violence (WPV) is a significant issue in healthcare. However, no systematic review on WPV in medical radiation science (MRS) has been published yet. The purpose of this paper is to systematically review prevalence of WPV in MRS and its risk factors.

Workplace violence in medical radiation science: A systematic review

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According to the World Health Organization (WHO), what is the impact of WPV on healthcare workers?

The WPV risk in diagnostic radiography and radiation therapy appears extremely high as a result of the aforementioned risk factors. Nevertheless, these study findings should be used with caution due to potential non-response bias.

Workplace violence in medical radiation science: A systematic review

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Why is there a need for a systematic review on WPV in medical radiation science (MRS)?

According to World Health Organization (WHO), workplace violence (WPV) is a significant issue in healthcare. WPV can be defined as healthcare workers being abused, assaulted or threatened in work-related events which include but are not limited to travelling to and from workplace, and implicit or explicit conflict affecting their health, safety or wellness.1 Common examples of WPV in healthcare include aggression, bullying, physical assault, sexual harassment, and verbal abuse and threats initiated by perpetrators such as patients, visitors and co-workers. Affected healthcare workers can experience from unnoticeable effects to fatality. Usually, these WPV incidents result in healthcare worker burnout, sleep disorder and stress, leading to reduction of their work performance as well as commitment and satisfaction. Hence, the WPV not only affects individual healthcare workers but also impacts on healthcare quality which in turn becomes academic, clinical, professional, ethical, societal, political and government concerns.1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Workplace violence in medical radiation science: A systematic review

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What databases were used for the literature search in the systematic review on WPV in MRS?

The electronic scholarly publication databases, namely EBSCOhost/Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Ultimate, PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Wiley Online Library, were used for literature search on 21st April 2023 to identify papers about the WPV in MRS published over the last 10 years. The search statement, (“Workplace Violence” OR “Bullying” OR “Harassment”) AND (“Radiographer” OR “Radiation Therapist” OR “Nuclear Medicine Technologist” OR “Sonographer”) was used. The publication year range was used for ensuring findings of this review relevant to current situation.4,5 The search keywords were based on the review focus and the previous systematic reviews in healthcare.2,3

Workplace violence in medical radiation science: A systematic review

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Essay | Workplace Violence (WPV) in Healthcare. Please explain the impacts and research gaps.

As per the findings of the included studies, the WPV risk in diagnostic radiography and radiation therapy appears extremely high. Nevertheless, their findings should be used with caution due to the potential non-response bias. Hence, more studies based on the ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI WPV in the health sector country case studies research instruments-survey questionnaire should be conducted in all countries where there is limited WPV research for strengthening the evidence base in the future. Also, a WPV policy should be developed in every clinical workplace. Even if such policy is available, its enforcement including policy awareness boosting, and encouraging incident reporting and support seeking will be essential for reducing the WPV in MRS.

Workplace violence in medical radiation science: A systematic review